Essay in 3 part Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In 3 part - Essay Example I think education grooms a person, and if the education discipline is that in which one wants to pursue a career, then there remains practically nothing between success and the person, assuming he puts in all his efforts into his work. Studying business management would not only allow me to understand various theories that underpin how businesses are managed, but would also allow me to learn from real life experiences of people, that I could later use to my help when I start my career. Moreover, almost all business management courses have an internship requirement before graduation, and that I believe, is the perfect time when young business graduates get to apply theoretical knowledge at work and get hands on experience with real life scenarios. Once I get done with my Bachelors’ Degree in Business Management, I would have a lot of career opportunities lying in front of me. To start off with, I would ideally want to start my own company from scratch and take it to the verge of success. However, sometimes situations arise that cause a deviation from the prime plan; in these circumstances too I believe having studied business management I would be open to a wide array of jobs around the globe. A look down business management graduates tell us that they have been able to discover innumerable career opportunities in all fields of work, including accounting, finance, human resource, supply chain management and various others. In this section I would be comparing the university where I would be pursuing my education from, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), against another university which teaches the discipline that I would be pursuing; Manchester Metropolitan University Coventry University (MMU). LJMU gives a rough timeline of completion of the BA Hons Degree in Business Management as three years, while CU also gives a similar time frame for degree completion. A look at the course structure of the two programs also proves that both of

Abraham Lincoln The Man That Changed America History Essay

Abraham Lincoln The Man That Changed America History Essay This one man was able to fight for, work for, and love his country so much that he single-handedly brought about changes that had previously only been dreamt of. This astonishing individual accomplished more in 30 years than most men do in their entire lifetime. Perhaps one of the most remarkable men in the history of the United States, Abraham Lincoln changed the course of our history forever. On February 12, 1809, Nancy Lincoln gave birth to a son, whom she named Abraham. This child, named after his grandfather, was born in Hardin County, Kentucky. Abraham had two siblings, Sarah, who was two years older, and Thomas, who was three years younger. However, Thomas, Abrahams only brother, unexpectedly died shortly after birth. The Lincolns were not a significantly wealthy family; they lived in a log cabin, and Thomas Lincoln worked very hard for every cent he earned. In fact, Thomas had to take on two jobs, farming and carpentry, in order to support his family. Partly on the account of slavery, but chiefly on the account of the difficulty of land titles in Kentucky, Thomas Lincoln moved his family to Pigeon Creek, Indiana. (Lincoln Bicentennial). In 1716, after buying property, Abraham helped his father with much of the work involved in settling into this 160-acre piece of land. Just two years after the move, in 1818, the Lincoln family suffered yet another tragedy when Abrahams mother died from contaminated milk. Just a year after Nancys death, Abrahams father remarried a widow, with three children of her own, by the name of Sarah Bush Johnston. Abraham and his stepmother grew very close, and she treated him as if he were her own child. She encouraged him to grow in his knowledge and understanding of things, and was said to have started his childhood education. (Burns). Although Abraham had previously gone to school for a couple of months, he never had any inspiration to learn until he received this encouragement from his stepmother. If one put all of Abrahams schooling together, one would find that he received less than one year of actual school in his entire life. This means that Abraham Lincoln had so little education, that he could be considered a completely self educated man. He showed a special interest in books and reading and knew his Bible very well even though he never attended church. At the age of 19, Abraham Lincoln had grown into a man of 64 and was stronger than anyone in town, leading to his first job offer. The offer came from a man by the name of James Gentry, and it was to bring a shipload of cargo to New Orleans. After delivering the cargo, with James Gentrys son, on a boat Abraham had built by hand, James was amazed by Abrahams incredible skill and reliability. He asked Abraham to work in his local store, and Abraham jumped at the opportunity to make some more money. While working there, he would often hear men speak of politics; this sparked an interest, which slowly grew to a flame, in young Abraham. During this time, however, Abrahams sister, Sarah, died giving birth to a child, causing much grief in his life. Soon after her death, Abrahams relatives wrote his father, saying how greatly efficient and productive the soil in Illinois was. This inspired Thomas Lincoln to once again move his family to a different part of the country. (Lincoln Bicentennial ). This time however, Abraham did not stay with his family for very long. Instead, he went up to New Salem, Illinois, and life on his own had finally begun. Between 1831 and 1832, Abraham tried various occupations, and learned very much, including the basics of mathematics. However, when the Black Hawk War began, Lincoln was one of the first to enlist in the American militia. Abraham never saw any action personally, but he was still elected captain of his company. He served his men as best as he possibly could until the war ended, just a couple months later. Once safely back in New Salem, Abraham took on the job of postmaster, and was placed in charge of the local post office. As word of this honest, hardworking, and diligent man spread throughout Salem and the surrounding towns, Abraham acquired the nickname Honest Abe. During this time, Abraham learned more grammar and began to develop a formal and proper way of speaking. He decided to run for state legislature, ultimately beginning his political career, but lost to one of his rivals. This defeat did discourage Abraham Lincoln, but rather, drove him to persevere, strive for excellence, and be the best he could be. In 1834, Abraham made a second attempt at politics, and once again ran for state legislature, only this time, he won. He was representative of the state of Illinois and gained the approval and trust of many of his fellow countrymen. After he won the election, he took up the study of law. With his love of debating, storytelling, and reading, he found his calling in law and politics. (National Museum of American History). While he was a lawyer, Abraham Lincoln grounded his principles and opinions, especially those on slavery, making this an extremely pivotal point in his life. Lincolns years as a lawyer influenced his character, and that character eventually influenced our nation. (Kalantari). His ability to ease the witnesses, as well as the entire atmosphere of the courtroom, made him a great lawyer. For the next 25 years, Abraham served as a lawyer aside from his political career. The men and women of Illinois held such affection for Abraham Lincoln that they re-elected him three times over the next six years. In 1840, just after his third re-election, Abraham proposed to a woman by the name of Mary Ann Todd, whom he had met the year before. After breaking up and getting back together, they finally got married in November of 1842. Less than a year after their marriage, Abraham and Mary welcomed their first baby boy into the world, and named him Robert Todd Lincoln. For the next two years, Abraham not only continued to serve as state representative, but he also showed devotion to his family, proving himself to be a great father. In 1846, Abraham and Mary conceived yet another child who they named Edward Baker Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln enjoyed his time as the representative of Illinois, but it was not long before he realized that he was capable of much more. Impelled by this realization, Abraham ran for U.S. representative in 1847, at the age of 38. He won the election, but served in this position for only one term. Once this term ended, Abraham fell back on his career as a lawyer, and continued to study law books. For the next five years, Lincoln devoted much of his time to studying the issue of slavery as well. (Lincoln Bicentennial). During this time, however, Abrahams son, Edward, died at the young age of four. The Lincoln family took his death very hard and later learned it had most likely been due to a bad case of tuberculosis. In that same year, Mary gave birth to a third son, named William Wallace Lincoln. His birth guided the family through the struggle, and helped them to move on. Just three years later, in 1853, the Lincolns had yet another son, who they named Thomas Tad Lincoln. Their sons brought Abraham and Mary great joy, and Abraham was said to be a very loyal and committed father. In 1854, Abraham was again elected as state representative; however, he resigned in order to run for the U.S. senate. During his campaign, he gave a speech declaring the United States would either become all free or all slave because a house divided against itself cannot stand. It was after this debate that Lincoln received his first considerable national fame. (Abe Lincoln). Despite his national fame, Abraham lost this election. Undeterred, he made yet another attempt at the U.S. senate, in 1858, however, he was once again out-voted. Two short years later, Abraham Lincoln took the biggest step of his political career. That year, 1860, Abraham jumped at the opportunity to run for president of the United States. Not sure if he would make it or not, Abraham was campaigning against some of the top competitors in the country. After a long, hard, and stressful run, Abraham was finally elected the sixteenth president of the United States of America. Almost immediately after his election, southern states began to drop out of the union, angered by the new anti-slavery president. Eleven states ended up dropping out, and their anger eventually turned to violence in 1861, marking the beginning of the Civil War. The North fought for the abolition of slavery, and the South fought for keeping slavery. As the war raged on, Abraham Lincoln continued to fight for the right of all men as equals. Not only was Abraham fighting to free the slaves, but he was also fighting to reunite the North and the South. He believed that in order to stand, the United States had to join together as one country, instead of being a split nation. As the war neared it ´s third year, Abraham Lincoln issued one of the most important documents in history: the Emancipation Proclamation. The Proclamation declared that  ´all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforth shall be free ´ (National Archives and Records Administration). This document aided the northern states in the war by: allowing blacks to fight for the union army, redefining the civil war as a war of freedom, and strengthening the union soldiers mentally. The Emancipation Proclamation is quite possibly the greatest document of human freedom. (National Archives and Records Administration). As the war continued to be fought, Abraham ´s fourth year as president came near, and the time for elections came around. In 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president of the United States. He continued doing his presidential duties just as well, if not better than before. A year after his re-election, Abraham and his wife went to see a show in Ford ´s Theatre, Washington, D.C. Around 10:00 p.m., an actor by the name of John Wilkes Booth entered the presidential booth, and shot Abraham Lincoln in the back of the head with a pistol. Abraham survived through the night, but died around 7:30 the next morning. Booth, motivated to kill President Lincoln due to disagreements on slavery, escaped, but was found and shot a few weeks later. Abraham ´s death only motivated more people to fight for the freedom and equality of all men and women alike. The very same year he died, the Civil War came to an end with the South surrendering. Due to Abraham Lincoln ´s perseverance and willpower, slavery was abolished, and America was made a free country. America ´s future had been set on a new path. The old life was thrown away, and a new chapter had begun for all Americans, black and white. Abraham accomplished more in his last few years than one could even dream to accomplish in an entire lifetime. Abraham Lincoln, one of the most extraordinary men to ever live, changed the future, lives, and hearts of Americans forever.

Mountain Dew Essay -- Soft Drinks Soda Essays

Mountain Dew It's cool and refreshing. It's satisfying and invigorating. It's Mountain Dew. But it's not just regular pop. It's a lifesaver that keeps many college students alert during strenuous moments in their college life. Mountain Dew is a favorite of many students on the GC campus because it is relatively cheap to purchase and not difficult to come across. This power drink can be found in the cafeteria, at the Leaf Raker, and in many of the vending machines on campus. Students can get free refills at the cafeteria and may purchase this drink for 99 cents at the Leaf Raker and $1 from vending machines. It comes in cans and in plastic bottles of various sizes. One can buy it in bulk from places like Wal-Mart and other supermarkets. Why do students prefer this suspicious-looking, yellow-colored beverage to other popular drinks like Coca Cola or Pepsi? Many students say they like it because it tastes good and keeps them awake. They find this extremely sweet and caffeine-packed solution appealing and refreshing to taste. Senior Zach Bougner said he likes the citrus taste of Mountain Dew. "I used to drink a can every day before school in high school," said Bougner. "I drove with my left hand and drank with my right." Mountain Dew has the highest caffeine content of all the other pops. While Coca Cola has 45.6 mg of caffeine per 12 oz and Pepsi has only 37.2 mg of caffeine per 12 oz, Mountain Dew contains 55 mg of caffeine per 12 oz. If you are a student who is accustomed to staying up 48 hours straight while battling to block out the enticing call from your bed, this beverage is the way to go. Not only is it high in caffeine, it is also highly concentrated with sugar and other carbohydrates. A sin... ...of hours at a time. What alternatives do people have to stay awake? Should Mountain Dew even be an option? Foster feels it is okay to drink it. "People get addicted to coffee as with Mountain Dew," he said. "For something that isn't as life-hampering [as drug addiction, for instance], I don't think it's that big a deal." He feels there should not be restrictions, except for kids because they are already energetic. On the other hand, Foster says his caffeine tolerance is so high that nothing can really help him stay awake. "It's my own motivation, my own drive, that keeps me awake," he said. Perhaps other students can learn from Foster. Depending on Mountain Dew or other caffeinated beverages may not always be advisable. Sometimes they work and at other times they don't. There comes a time when people just have to make "dew" with what they've got.

American History Essay

The civil war, according to President Abraham Lincoln, was not really fought to end the prolonged existence of slavery in the United States. The American Civil War was fought to preserve the Union and safeguard the interest of the American people but not of the slaves. Lincoln, who was not an absolute abolitionist himself, believe that the slaves should be free gradually and not on a one time big time basis. But as the civil war became lengthy, Lincoln and his administration has made colossal changes to the original plan and had to issue an Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves in the Confederacy. This action was well thought of Lincoln. When the congress has passed the Second Confiscation Act on July 17, 1862, Lincoln was prompted to respond. The Second Confiscation Act entailed that all slaves of everyone in rebellion to the United States were declared free. The act from the congress was not only what impelled Lincoln to act but also the peoples’ growing aversion of slavery. Lincoln has read his drafted â€Å"Preliminary Proclamation† to Secretary of State William H. Seward and Secretary of Navy Gideon Welles. Both were overwhelmed and were unable to respond quickly. On July 22, Lincoln discussed the matter to his cabinet and has received a lot of mix reactions but majority of the cabinet approved of the proclamation. Yet, it was only a consultation. The cabinet reviewed the contexts on September 22 and Lincoln has composed the final Emancipation Proclamation on New Year’s Day of 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation pronounced that â€Å"all slaves within any states or on a designated part of a State whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, henceforward, and forever free†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Emancipation Proclamation guaranteed freedom only of those slaves in the states not in the jurisdiction of the Union. Lincoln’s Secretary of State William H. Seward has criticized the irony of the emancipation. Seward pointed out that the Union might have been sympathetic to slavery by freeing the slaves on the states uncontrolled by the Union but holding them in servitude in places possible to be freed by the government. Lincoln has known this but he did not want to irritate the slaveholders in the Union. Moreover, the Emancipation Proclamation would have not been easily released if it were not a war necessity. The Union saw its last resort on freeing the slave to increase its army and to antagonize the farms and the industries in the South. The proclamation was not sympathy to the slaves but a remedy to the unending war. Yet, the Emancipation Proclamation was one of the greatest victories of the Lincoln administration and of American democracy. It has also stressed that the war is not all about preserving the Union but also on the pressing need to abolish slavery. It was also the foundation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which forever end slavery in the United States. On the other hand, after the Emancipation Proclamation the war did not ended soon. Many critics of the Lincoln administration supposed that the proclamation has only worsened the situation. The Union was still deficient of soldiers. Lincoln was prompted to create solutions by issuing the Enrollment Act of Conscription on March 3, 1863, which agitated many Northerners. The Union at the early stage of the war has relied on volunteerism but fewer men wanted to enlist. The Conscription Act imposed military duty to every capable man of 20 to 45 years old. Yet those who can find a substitute or pay $300 could be exempted from the draft. This exemption has angered the poor. Leslie M. Harris (2003) reported that antiwar newspaper in New York began criticizing the draft law citing the government’s interference on local affairs on behalf of the â€Å"nigger war. †The most unruly response to the act happened in New York City when unruly mobs appeared on July 11, 1963 when the draft took effect. Even though New York politicians have been very supportive of the Emancipation Proclamation, New Yorkers were divided on their stance towards the proclamation. Likewise, the mob consisted mostly of the poor Irish and German immigrants who lived on New York’s slum area. Irish and German immigrants in New York were told to prepare for the emancipated slaves who will flee to the North and would seek job. The immigrants did not think it was necessary for them to fight and they also have bigotry towards the African-American because they were usually their competitors to lowest-paying jobs. Yet, the main problem arose when the mob started to create commotions on the city. The first targets of the mob include military and government building, which instituted the inequitable draft. But after a while, the mob targeted the black people. First, they assaulted a black vendor and a nine year-old boy before burning to ashes the Colored Orphan Asylum on Fifth Avenue between Forty-Third and Forty-Fourth Streets. Luckily, no child was hurt in the attack. However, the mob has continued to attack Black people and sometimes killing them. Harris (2003) further reported that the mob singled out men for special violence. William Jones, a black man was hanged and his body burned afterward. Some group white men were even cheering when they kill William Williams, a black sailor, shouting: â€Å"vengeance on every nigger in New York. † The mayhem which lasted five days forced hundreds of Blacks to leave the city. Yet, not every Irish were sympathetic to the mob. There were reported cases were Irishmen helped black men. Irish neighbors of Philip White, a black drugstore owner at the corner of Gold and Frankfurt Street, help drove the mob away because White has been a good neighbor and creditor. However, this interracial cooperation was very least as compared to the havoc against the black people. However, the Union Army stationed at the Potomac were able to pacify the rioters and restore order in the city however they remained encamped around the city for several weeks. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Draft Riots embodied the bearing of the people during the Civil War. Though, only was a war measure, the Emancipation Proclamation was a great demonstration of democracy. The Draft Riots proved that not every person has the heart to fight for the Union and not everyone was in favor of the Emancipation. However, though Washington Times wrote, â€Å"The nation is at this time in a state of Revolution, North, South, East, and West,† those who believed in the restoration of the Union and the rule of law never gave up hope but fought for what they believe was right. The New York Draft Riots, the Civil War and all its casualties were the price paid by the United States in order to protect and defend the Constitution, its people and those unalienable rights that were bestowed to each citizen which are â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. † References Harris, L. M. (2003). In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. Chicago: University of Chicago. Smith, A. I. , (2007). The American civil war. Macmillan: New York.

The Nature of Contagious Yawning

Report title: Contagious yawning Introduction Yawning in general Yawning is a common act in all humans from birth and is one of the best examples of a fixed action pattern; once a yawn begins it becomes unstoppable. It also occurs in the same way each time. Several theories have been proposed to explain its existence in everyday life. There has been no definitive way of explaining why yawning occurs. Communication, physiology and arousal will be discussed. Firstly, communication is proposed as a primary reason for yawning, by Guggisberg, Mathis, Herrmann & Hess (2007). They attribute yawning to vigilance and suggest that unconscious communication occurs to synchronise a group and show vigilance. Baenninger (1987) also suggest that yawning helps to maintain attention levels and it may have evolved to promote vigilance and further suggest that it could communicate drowsiness or illness to a group. Another theory suggests a physiological link, whereby the yawn maintains mental efficiency by regulating the brain temperature through a cooling mechanism (Palagi, Leone, Mancici & Ferarri, 2009). However, a study by Gallup & Gallup jr. (2008) has shown inconclusive results for this theory. Another theory suggests that yawning is due to arousal. Matikainen and Elo (2007) report that yawning increases arousal and helps the individual to waken up. They suggest that it is due to connections between the mouth and the neck which when stretched stimulates the carotid body responsible for oxygen homeostasis. However, research by Guiggisberg et al (2007) found opposing research and their results showed that arousal levels decreased after yawns. It is clear that further research needs to be conducted to find the causes of yawns, and it has been shown that there is possibly more than one answer for this problem. However conclusive evidence for any theory is yet to be found. Contagious yawning Seeing, hearing or even thinking about another person yawning can trigger a yawn, contagious yawns occur in 40-60% of human adults but its primary reason and function is still unknown. Some advancement nevertheless, has been made to explain its cause. The advance in research into contagious yawning has come from the discovery of mirror neurons (Arnott, Singhal & Goodale, 2009). These are cells which are located in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (pIGF) and are active when an individual sees another perform and action. They activate in the same was as they do when an individual performs the task themselves. It is proposed that mirror neurons enable individuals to understand others experiences and emotional states. This research therefore suggests that seeing or hearing a yawn activates this area of the brain and so initiates a yawning action. It has also been proposed that as mirror neurons help to understand emotional states, it is closely linked with empathy. This means that contagious yawning could be linked to empathy too. Contagious yawning and empathy This study has been conducted to assess the relationship between contagious yawning and empathy. Previous research highlights a strong relationship. Arnott et al (2009) investigated empathy and auditory contagious yawning and their results show a positive correlation between the two with more yawns elicited by those who scored higher on the empathy scale given. The relationship was modest but still significant below . 05. Also Periol & Monaca (2006) point out that contagious yawning doesn’t occur in species that cant recognise themselves in the mirror, nor can infants under two, suggesting that sense of self is required which is a key element to understanding others. Other research has shown that those with autistic spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia are unable to yawn contagiously as much as controls and that this is due to lack of empathy (Haker & Rossler, 2008). The premise of this study is to add to current research by expanding on Arnott et al’s research, by using visual stimuli. This study will test further the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning as this seems to be the area with most evidence. If the pilot data suggests a trend consistent with the current data then it will suggest further research and a full study should be conducted, however if the results gained show little evidence for a relationship then it will be suggested that other areas of contagious yawning should be looked into in more depth to find its possible cause. Hypotheses 1a) Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli a) Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Null hypotheses 1b) Visual stimuli does not elicit contagious yawning 2b) There is no difference in amount of contagious yawning and level of empathy. Method 30 Stirling University students took part. This experiment was a between participants design. Independent variable is number of yawns produced in each condition. Dependant variable is empathy score The experiment consisted of two parts. To begin, each participant was required to complete the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine empathy levels. From this the participants were classified as empathetic or non empathetic and form the two experimental groups (mean was calculated and sample split above and below the mean). After the empathy questionnaire was completed, the experimental phase began which contained two conditions, firstly a yawning condition (test phase) whereby participants were shown a slide show of 15 yawning faces each slide lasting 10seconds. Within the time period the participant was required to focus on each face and rate how many times the face made them feel like yawning or actually yawn. Secondly, participants were given a neutral condition whereby a similar slide show was given but with 15 neutral expressions. This was given as a control for the test phase so that condition effects could be tested for. If a similar frequency of yawn was observed in both phases then the yawns wouldn’t be classed as contagious, and attributed to boredom rather than condition. The two phases were reversed for half the participants for counterbalancing and also to aid understanding of when contagious yawning had occurred- neutral phase was not always last which may have indicated boredom, so results are more reliable. The analysis was in two parts firstly, the frequency of yawning was compared in each condition to determine if visual stimuli induced contagious yawning in the test phase compared to the neutral. Secondly, the analyses compared empathetic participants with non empathetic participants to test if empathy was related to contagious yawning. Examples of stimuli: Neutral phase Yawning phase [pic] [pic] All images contained a full face and expressions were face on to the participant in attempt to maintain validity for each phase. Results | Hypothesis 1 Contagious yawning is elicited from visual stimuli Tests of normality showed that there was significance for yawning and so parametric tests were conducted. Graph 1 shows that there was a higher amount of yawns produced in the yawning condition than the neutral condition and the Wilcoxon test shows there was significantly different result. Z= -2. 722, p. 006 Graph 1 Total amount of yawing produced in each condition [pic] The significant difference found between yawning in the yawn condition and the neutral condition shows that contagious yawning occurred to visual stimuli, and the null hypothesis can be rejected. Therefore further analyses can be conducted into empathy and contagious yawning. Hypothesis 2 Higher amounts of contagious yawning will be present in those with higher levels of empathy. Graph 2 shows the relationship between the amount of yawns produced and empathy scores. Those with high empathy scores (62+) yawned more in the yawning condition compared to those with low empathy scores. However, the graph also shows similar amounts of yawning between empathy groups in the neutral condition. Graph 2 Total amount of yawning produced in each condition, split by empathy score. [pic] Due to small sample size and the data having an abnormal distribution a spearman’s rho test for correlation was conducted. It showed no significant relationship between empathy score and number of yawns produced in each condition, p= . 27 with a correlation of . 259, in neutral condition and p=. 686, with a correlation of . 96 in the yawn condition. Therefore the null hypothesis has to be accepted. Discussion Previous research has suggested that contagious yawning is due to empathy and a higher level of empathy suggests the individual is more likely to contagiously yawn. This study aimed to determine if this was found with visual stimuli in the form of consecutive images of individuals yawning on a screen. The study tested to see if contagious yawning could be induced by images and compared the results to number of yawns produced by images of neural expressions in the same format. The study also aimed to contribute to the existing knowledge on the relationship between empathy and contagious yawning. Due to the small sample size and the test for normality showing that there wasn’t a normal distribution of the data, the statistics performed were limited, and are not generalisable to the overall population. The results show that there was a significant difference between the two conditions and more yawns were produced in the yawning condition compared to the neutral. The study was conducted in a way that yawns produced by boredom could be controlled for. If it was the case that yawns were produced due to boredom then a similar frequency would be observed in both conditions especially as the conditions were counterbalanced. The results were highly significant (p=. 006) showing that yawns can be attributed to contagious yawning and not boredom, therefore the null hypothesis could be rejected and the hypothesis that yawning stimuli induces contagious yawning can be accepted. This contributes to the body of research on contagious yawning especially as Arnott et al (2009) has already shown contagious yawning can be elicited to auditory stimuli. This study, compared empathy scores with frequency of yawns in each condition to determine a relationship between the two as proposed by Haker & Rossler (2008), as well as in the study by Arnott et al. This study used the interpersonal reactivity index questionnaire to determine levels of empathy and the mean score was calculated in order to form two experimental groups of high and low empathy. This was only to test for a trend and is understood that due to the abnormal distribution of scores in the data, any results cannot be generalised, as the two experimental groups for empathy are not normally distributed. The results shown in graph 2, clearly show no difference between frequency of yawns and level of empathy especially in the neutral condition where the frequency of yawns for each empathy group are virtually the same. A slight difference is seen in the yawning condition and at a glance looks to suggest that higher empathy scores result in more yawns produced however with a closer look at the frequencies, it is clear that there is only a difference of one or two yawns and the statistical analysis shows no significant difference between empathy and yawns in both conditions. However it should be noted that the correlation conducted cannot be relied on too heavily due to the small sample size and so it can still be concluded that the graph shows a possible trend that for high empathy individuals, contagious yawning is more common. Especially as the graph shows a difference in similarity of empathy group based on condition (neutral shows no difference at all whereas yawn condition shows slight difference) Even though significance is not met and for this study the null hypothesis has to be accepted, the nature of the data and tests performed show that the results are not conclusive and trends can still be relied upon. There are however many limitations to this study. Clearly, with the study being a pilot for future research, the sample size was low and so generalisable results could not be hoped for however methodological improvements could be made to make trends found more reliable. Firstly, only one measure of empathy was used and so empathy scores were only based on specific answers to questions. Arnott et al used several in their study giving a better indication of empathy however due to the small scale of the study and limitations on resources meant only one could be found. The power point slides contained many faces and it was difficult to find yawning faces which looked like yawns and not open mouthed expressions, conveying a yawn through an image was much more complex than anticipated. Another point to consider was the nature of how the study was portrayed, the emphasis on yawning was placed from the beginning and so as one participant remarked he knew it was about yawning so he was thinking about it a lot in the first condition so even thought he was looking at neutral faces, he yawned as he was thinking about it. This shows how contagious yawning can be and how our results can be skewed. For further research, better conditions must be met and participants told of the premise of the study after two conditions had been undertaken. The self report table given to the participants during the study whereby they noted how many times they yawned or felt like yawning may need to include other contagious acts like laughing, to avoid yawns being induced by thinking. This would mean that further studies into contagious yawning would require more expressions to test the participant and so they don’t constantly think about how much they are yawning. Either that or possibly use a camera to record yawns so the participants focus is consistently on the stimuli. Conclusion The results show that visual stimuli can induce contagious yawning and so can aid further research when creating a method of testing yawning. The results obtained from empathy and contagious yawning although in significant, still suggest a trend and so could be further studied if more participant were used and a better methodology was introduced. The pilot study has shown the possibility of a link between contagious yawning and empathy and so needs to be further investigated. Bibliography Arnott, S. R. , Singhal, A. , Goodale, M. A. (2009), An investigation of auditory contagious yawning, Cognitive, Affective & Behavioural Neuroscience 9 (3) 335-342 Baenninger, R. (1987). Some comparative aspects of yawning in Betta splendens, Homo sapiens, Panthera leo, and Papio sphinx. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 349-354. Gallup, A. C. , Gallup, G. G, Jr (2008) Yawning and thermoregulation. Physiology and Behaviour 95 10-16. Guggisberg, A. G. ,Mathis, J. , Herrmann, U. S. , Hess, C. W (2007). The functional relationship between yawning and vigilance. Behavioural brain research  179 (1) 159-66. Haker, H. & Rossler, W. (2009) Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance. European Archive of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 259, 352-361. Palagi, E. , Leone, A. , Mancini, G. , Ferrari, P. F. , (2009). Contagious yawning in gelada baboons as a possible expression of empathy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (46) 19262-7. Perriol, M. P. & Monaca, C. (2006) One person yawning sets off everyone else. Journal of Neurological Neurosurgical Psychiatry. 77) 3 3 Matikainen, J. , Elo, H (2008). Does yawning increase arousal through mechanical stimulation of the carotid body? Medical Hypotheses 70 488–492 | | |[pic] | | | | | Top of Form ———————– Condition Mean number of yawns Mean number of yawns

Free Essays on Atlantis

Atlantis: We will never know Fantasy is a tough way to prove right in the twentieth century. The world has been fully discovered and fully mapped and people know and have knowledge of the earth’s existence though not proven right. Popular media has effectively played the so-called reality of the legend and the fantastic rumor. Satellites have mapped and studied the earth, leaving only a space frontier that is as yet unreachable. But standing out is an enchanting fantasy the modern world has yet to verify or criticize: The lost continent of Atlantis. The father of the modern world’s picture of Atlantis is Plato (circa 428-Circa 347 B.C.). The Greek philosopher spoke about â€Å"Timaeus† and â€Å"Critias† of a Continent in the Atlantic Ocean larger than Africa and Asia Minor combined which considered Athens as the most advanced place in the world. According to the legend surrounding Plato’s dialogues, the island of Atlantis was violently thrown into the sea by the Forces of nature, and its few survivors managed to swim ashore and relate their story. There the legend was passed by form there on until an Egyptian priest related the Story to â€Å"Solon†, a character in â€Å"Timaeus†. The priest admired the achievements of Prehistoric Athenians, because when the rulers of Atlantis threatened to invade all of Europe and Asia the Athenians, on behalf of all Greeks, defeated the Atlantis to avoid Enslavement, The works of Plato opened the minds of humans to endless rumor on whether the Continent described was fact or fiction. Atlantis has since been placed in Spain, Mongolia, Palestine, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Brazil, Sweden, Greenland and Yucatan. Mountain peaks, desert lands, the ocean floor and even the bare wasteland of Antarctica have been mentioned in Theories. All of this in the agonizing search to prove its existence. While some of these theories are compatible with â€Å"Plato’s† works and are within Pra... Free Essays on Atlantis Free Essays on Atlantis Atlantis: We will never know Fantasy is a tough way to prove right in the twentieth century. The world has been fully discovered and fully mapped and people know and have knowledge of the earth’s existence though not proven right. Popular media has effectively played the so-called reality of the legend and the fantastic rumor. Satellites have mapped and studied the earth, leaving only a space frontier that is as yet unreachable. But standing out is an enchanting fantasy the modern world has yet to verify or criticize: The lost continent of Atlantis. The father of the modern world’s picture of Atlantis is Plato (circa 428-Circa 347 B.C.). The Greek philosopher spoke about â€Å"Timaeus† and â€Å"Critias† of a Continent in the Atlantic Ocean larger than Africa and Asia Minor combined which considered Athens as the most advanced place in the world. According to the legend surrounding Plato’s dialogues, the island of Atlantis was violently thrown into the sea by the Forces of nature, and its few survivors managed to swim ashore and relate their story. There the legend was passed by form there on until an Egyptian priest related the Story to â€Å"Solon†, a character in â€Å"Timaeus†. The priest admired the achievements of Prehistoric Athenians, because when the rulers of Atlantis threatened to invade all of Europe and Asia the Athenians, on behalf of all Greeks, defeated the Atlantis to avoid Enslavement, The works of Plato opened the minds of humans to endless rumor on whether the Continent described was fact or fiction. Atlantis has since been placed in Spain, Mongolia, Palestine, Nigeria, the Netherlands, Brazil, Sweden, Greenland and Yucatan. Mountain peaks, desert lands, the ocean floor and even the bare wasteland of Antarctica have been mentioned in Theories. All of this in the agonizing search to prove its existence. While some of these theories are compatible with â€Å"Plato’s† works and are within Pra...

Modern Cuba Essays

Modern Cuba Essays Modern Cuba Essay Modern Cuba Essay Cuba is a very unique country with regards to government and politics. It is distinctive not only in its being the last communist country in Latin America, but also due the fact that it has and is continuing to undergo major changes with regards to government policy. Through analysis of the five criteria for democracy, and scrutiny of systems theory, political scientists can see that Cuba is on the path to momentous political change due to its rapidly deteriorating, soviet modeled, communist government. Before breaking down the components of the criteria for democracy nd systems theory as they apply to Cuba, it is important to briefly consider the aforementioned countries history. Cubas current government began after President Batista was overthrown in a violent coup led by Fidel Castro in 1959. In 1961 Castro formally declared Cuba a socialist state; it is now recognized simply as a totalitarian communist state (US State dept, 3/25/10). While the Cuba does have a written constitution allotting civil rights, it for all intents and purposes, negates these liberties by declaring that, any citizen attempting to prevent the growth of socialism s exempt from said rights (US State dept, 3/25/10). The constitution also identifies the Cuban Communist Party as the only party with legal legitimacy. As one may have already inferred from these stringent governmental laws, the economy is also controlled entirely by the communist party, this however is one of the interesting points in the analysis of the Cuban political the system as a large portion of the government employed workforce is soon to be fired in favor of a move to the private sector (The Economist, Nov. 2010). At the time of the US state departments report on Cuba, eighty-three percent of the workforce was employed by the government though as previously noted, this is soon to change. With regards to US-Cuban relations, Cuba is quite unique. The American government has had an all-inclusive embargo against Cuba since 1962, the second longest running US embargo outlasted only by North Korea (US State dept, 3/25/10). Moving into analysis of Cuba as it compares to other world governments, let us look first at its association to the five criteria for democracy as outlined by Charles Hauss in Introduction to Comparative Government. Democracies guarantee basic individual freedoms of press, religion, association, and speech. (Hauss pg. 23) In this category alone Cuba falls short of democracy. In 2003 fifty-two high profile government dissidents of the Cuban government were arrested (Washington Post, Oct 2010) in an apparent attempt to reduce anti-communist sentiments. This seems a serious indicator that Cuba lacks the recognition of rights to be considered a democracy, while this is undoubtedly true, future speculation reveals a caveat to this rule. The Cuban government has recently begun to free olitical prisoners arrested for dissent, many of these prisoners have been offered a deal by the communist party in which they will be freed from captivity and there sentence annulled, if they agree to living exiled permanently from Cuba (Washington Post, Oct 2010). While this is a far cry from the expressive freedoms enjoyed in the United States as well as most other industrialized democracies, it does present political scientists with a hint that perhaps Cuba is transitioning away from the totalitarian communist ideals that it was founded on in favor of a more democratic xtend far beyond the right to criticism of ones government; they also include the right to practice religion freely. While religion is openly practiced in Cuba, many religious figureheads are closely monitored by the communist party (US State dept, 3/25/10). With regards to the first criteria for democracy, Cuba falls short of satiating the requirements, however the recent promise to release incarcerated dissenters does signal potential for change in the Governments stance on citizens rights. Transitioning to the second criterion indicative of a democratic government, we look o the existence, or lack thereof, competitive elections. In this department too, Cuba comes up short. In reading the background information and comparing it to historical trends discussed in class, it was easy to see that Cubas Fidel Castro developed in his political career much like Joseph Stalin. Both Stalin and Castro gleaned a great deal of their legitimacy from a cult of personality surrounding them. While admittedly to a lesser extent, it cannot be denied that Fidel Castro was retained as a leader primarily due to his persona as opposed to his qualifications as a ruler. With Castros illness nd ensuing resignation it may have seemed possible for elections to take place alas, this was not the case. Raul Castro, Fidels brother, currently resides at the highest seat in the communist government (US State dept, 3/25/10). Though it is unclear who will take control when Raul steps down, (Schumacher-Matos 2010), it is obvious that this line of succession from Fidel to Raul with no election certainly defies the principles outlined for a democracy. As the Cuban Communist government has only ever had two leaders, it is hard to tell if elections are likely in the future, but at this ime Cuba decidedly fails to fulfill this component of the democratic criteria. Rule of Law is yet another of the components outlined by Charles Hauss as being necessary for the existence of democracy. In this regard as with the previous criteria, Cuba falls short. For rule of law to exist a country must not arbitrarily exercise power (Hauss pg. 24). Cubas written constitution as mentioned above, keeps the country completely outside this premise as it provides the government the power to punish those who, oppose the development of socialism (US State dept, 3/25/10), however it eels necessary. There is really no need to explore this criterion any deeper as the countries written laws already create an inability for democracy, as outlined by Hauss, to exist. As the final criterion for democracy that I will explore, Capitalism is yet another trait that Cuba lacks however, as many of the articles point out, this may be changing as seen by the radical policy change implemented by the government to eliminate a large portion of the state employed workers in favor of a transition of these workers to the private sector. Its a major shift towards a larger private sector n a socialist economy. (Peters, Lexington Institute, Nov. 2010). While currently more that eighty percent of Cubas workforce is employed by the government, (US State dept, 3/25/10), the move to relocate over 500,000 workers (Malkin, Oct 2010), signifies a critical move toward a more democratic Cuba. While Cuba is not capitalistic at the present, the move to put workers in the private sector certainly transitions Cuba closer to capitalism than it has ever been before. As proven time and time again in the above paragraphs, Cuba is far from meeting any of the criteria for democracy, hat being said, the recent shifts in policy point to potential for an increasingly democratic nation. Systems theory is another vital tool in comparing countries, of Cuba to speak freely, there is are no routes for inputs on the part of the people. Likewise decision making is equally disproportionate when compared to other countries as the only people able to make decisions are the thirty-one members of the communist party leadership (US State dept, 3/25/10). Though Systems theory is a terrific tool for comparing countries, it has little application with regards to Cuba as he communist government of this country is at the present, completely totalitarian. Viewing Cuba in its congruence to other communist countries, many similar terms come to mind. Edward Schumacher-Matos article, Easing the Impact of Cubas Coming Crisis, explores the question of Raul Castros ability to control the Unraveling of the Perestroika (Shumacher-Matos 2010) . He continues to compare the potential future of Cuba to the historical outcome of the USSRs collapse under similar circumstances. As an aspiring political scientist, this makes me quizzical about the future of Cubas regime. The question seems to be, can Cuba remain a totalitarian communistic state with the current move for a more capitalistic workforce? I suppose only time will tell, but based on historical trends, it seems unlikely that the totalitarian government will be able to endure the transition. To recap my analysis; With regards to the five criteria for democracy as presented by Charles Hauss, Cuba failed miserably in competitive elections and rule of law, on the other hand while certainly far from industrialized democracies, recent developments hint at the potential for improvements in civil rights and the prevalence of capitalism. As far as systems theory is concerned in Cuba, it is almost impossible until improvements are made In the aforementioned civil rights criterion. Finally as it compares to other communist countries, Cuba is showing signs of travelling the path of the USSR and facing collapse as Perestroika begins and the regime is restructured. All things considered, Cuba has become an immensely intriguing country for political scientists in recent years as it has begun several transitions toward far greater democratization than it had ever experienced under its former leader.

The Story of George Crum, Inventor of the Potato Chip

The Story of George Crum, Inventor of the Potato Chip George Crum (born George Speck; July 15, 1824 – July 22, 1914) was a renowned African-American chef who worked at Moon’s Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York during the mid-1800s. According to culinary legend, Crum invented the potato chip during his work at the restaurant. Fast Facts: George Crum Known For: Widely credited with inventing potato chips when he sliced an order of French fries extra-thin to spite a demanding customer. The story has since been debunked as a myth, but Crum achieved success when he opened  Crums, a popular restaurant in Malta, New York.  Also Known As: George SpeckBorn: July 15, 1824, in Saratoga Springs,  New York, USADied: July 22, 1914, in Malta, New York, USA The Potato Chip Legend   George Speck was born to parents Abraham Speck and Diana Tull  on July 15, 1824. He grew up in upstate New York and was hired at Moons Lake House in the 1850s. Moon’s Lake House was a high-end restaurant that catered to wealthy Manhattan families when Speck was hired. A  regular patron of the restaurant,  Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt, frequently forgot Specks given surname. Vanderbilt  often asked waiters to relay various requests to â€Å"Crum,† thus giving Speck the name he is now known by.   According to popular legend, the potato chip was invented when a picky customer (Vanderbilt himself, according to some reports) repeatedly sent back an order of  French fries, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated with the customer’s demands, Crum sought revenge by slicing a batch of potatoes paper-thin, frying them to a crisp, and seasoning them with lots of salt. Surprisingly, the customer loved them.  Soon enough, Crum and Moons Lake House became well-known  for their special â€Å"Saratoga chips.†Ã‚   Disputing the Legend   A number of notable accounts  have disputed the story of Crums culinary innovation. Recipes for frying thin potato slices had already been published in cookbooks  by the early 1800s. Several reports on Crum himself, including a  commissioned biography of the chef published in 1893 and his own obituary, were curiously missing any mention of potato chips whatsoever.   Crums sister, Kate Wicks, claimed to be the real inventor of the potato chip. Wick’s obituary, published in The Saratogian in 1924, read, A sister of George Crum, Mrs. Catherine Wicks, died at the age of 102, and was the cook at Moon’s Lake House. She first invented and fried the famous Saratoga Chips. This statement  is supported by Wicks’ own recollections of the tale, which was published in several periodicals during her lifetime. Wicks explained that she had sliced off a sliver of potato that inadvertently fell into a hot frying pan. She let Crum taste it and his enthusiastic approval led to the decision to serve the chips. Crums Legacy Visitors came far and wide to Moons Lake House for a taste of the famous Saratoga chips, sometimes even taking a 10-mile trip around the lake just to get to the restaurant. Cary Moon, the owner of Moon’s Lake House, later tried to claim credit for the invention and began producing and distributing potato chips in boxes. Once Crum opened his own restaurant in the 1860s, called Crum’s, he provided every table with a basket of chips.   Crum’s chips remained a local delicacy until the 1920s when a salesman and entrepreneur named Herman Lay began traveling throughout the south and introducing potato chips to different communities throughout the country. At that point, Crums legacy was overtaken  by the mass production and distribution of potato chips on a national scale. Sources George Crum Dies at Saratoga Lake,  The (Saratoga Springs) Saratogian.  July 27, 1914.  Another Claims Potato Chip Idea,†Ã‚  Glens Falls Post Star.  August 4, 1932Barrett Britten, Elizabeth  [Jean McGregor]. Chronicles of Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, NY. Bradshaw 1947.Bradley, Hugh. Such Was Saratoga.  New York, 1940. 1940, 121-122.Dearborn, R.F.  Saratoga and How to See It. Albany, New York. 1871.  Gruse, Doug. Chipping Away at History.  Post-Star, Glens Falls, New York. November 25, 2009Kitchiner, William.  The Cook’s Oracle; Containing Receipts for Plain Cookery, on the Most Economical Plan for Private Families. 4th ed. A. Constable and Co. of Edinburgh and London.Lee, N.K.M.  The Cooks Own Book: Being A Complete Culinary Encyclopedia.  Boston, Munroe, and Francis. New York, Charles E. Francis, and David Felt. 1832.

Have alook at the ttachments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Have alook at the ttachments - Essay Example Nonetheless, SMEs are defined differently from one country to another. However, most of the time, these are defined in accordance with the number of employees a business has, the turnover, and the economic scale of the business. Furthermore, electronic business (e-business or e-commerce) is defined as any type of businesses that serve or sell using the digital medium or with Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Moreover, an e-business can have three main classifications, and these are the consumer-to-consumer (C2C), the business-to-business (B2B), and the business-to-consumer (B2C) (MacGregor & Vrazalic, 2007; Khosrow-pour, 2006). In line with the globalisation, many governments suggest that SMEs incorporate e-business in order to promote advantageous economic activities (Taylor & Murphy, 2004). On the other hand, prior to integrating a business or a company with ICT, it is necessary to look over the e-economy of a country or a market. E-economy is defined by Booz, Allen, and Hamilton (2002 cited in Oliver & Sanders, 2004, p. 120) as â€Å"the dynamic system of interactions between a nation’s citizens, business, and government that capitalize upon online technology to achieve a social or economic good.† In order to guarantee readiness in the e-economy, e-readiness is being created with the following indicators: network access, network society, network economy, and network policy (Nejadirani, Behravesh, & Rasouli, 2011). Access and Usage of the ICT or Network In assessing the network, questions, such as the accessibility, the cost, and the quality of the ICT must be answered. Also, the equipment, network, and services within a given economy or market must also be determined (Nejadirani, Behravesh, & Rasouli, 2011). Furthermore, SMEs are considered as a vital part for the UK economy because almost 99% of the business enterprises in UK are SMEs with almost 60% are employed in this economy. In relation to access and usage of the network, th e most commonly used technology is the website of the company, electronic mail, and the Internet. Most of the SMEs, which had employed 10 or more staffs, had already set-up their own intranet. Also, most of these businesses had used wireless technology and electronic data interchange, which depend on the capacity and size of the SME. Furthermore, in the process of automated record-keeping of sales and orders, most of the SMEs use ICT accounting and finance activities. Moreover, the automation of business designs, enterprise resources planning, human resource management tasks, and the production control was also used by SMEs. The shift to the usage of ICT of SMEs has been due to the efficiency that the automation results to, the highly technologised competition in the market, and in order to enhance customer service and employee satisfaction (Dyerson, Harindranath, & Barnes, 2008a). Furthermore, in relation to skills needed in the usage or integration of ICT to SMEs, technical skills are not enough. The ICT department or staff must also have excellent communication skills and customer service skills. Also, the ICT staff must be capable of transferring theories into knowledge that can be sued in practice (Lowry & Turner, 2007). Network in the Society In this aspect, a

Financial Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis - Assignment Example cial ratio are the management team in evaluating the performance of the company in terms of profitability, operational efficiency, and financial health over a period of time by comparing past and present ratios, and also comparing this with the industrial average (Brigham, 2012). Shareholders are other groups that use information from ration analysis. Information in the financial statement is usually difficult for outsiders to understand. The ratio analysis helps in analyzing and interpreting information from the financial statements in a simplified manner, and in a manner that can be understood by those who do not know the accounting language. This information helps them know the position of their investment and expected returns from their investment. The ratio analysis is useful in analyzing the liquidity of the company. This information is useful to the third group that uses the ratio analysis are the creditors. They are able to know the company’s capacity to meet their lon g term liabilities which determines the credit terms. Financial analysis usually tries to determine the qualitative factors when evaluating the future financial performance. One qualitative factor is the competitive advantage which determines the company’s ability to survive in the market. This also determines the company’s ability to keep competitors at bay, enjoy profits, and growth. Corporate governance has become a crucial issue today which determines the relationship between directors, management, and other stakeholders. One aspect of corporate governance is financial transparency. This implies that the financial information is being released in a manner that stakeholders are able to follow what the management if doing, thus have a clear understanding on the financial situation. This also increases the trust that stakeholders have in the company, ensuring a long term relationship. Finally, the structure of the board of directors under corporate governance determines the future

Men and Women's tailoring 1935-1950 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Men and Women's tailoring 1935-1950 - Essay Example This paper shall critically assess the effects of world events (around the time of 1930-1950) on both men’s and women’s tailoring, focusing on changing aesthetics in relation to gender. It shall also discuss the effects world events (like World War II) on women’s and men’s role and on lifestyle changes. The gender issues that were existent from 1935-1950 and how these issues changed the aesthetics of tailoring fashion shall also be discussed in this paper. Men’s fashion in the early 30’s was influenced by the Wall Street Crash of October 1929. Nolan (2005) discusses that, at about this time 8 million people were out of work in the United States. As a result, clothing was not prioritized over basic necessities. Clothing sales declined and many apparel businesses went out of business. The demand for Edwardian style clothes also declined. The tailors and clothing designers were forced to come up with a different style of dressing. Men’s suits were then designed to create the image of a large torso with shoulders squared with shoulder pads and sleeves tapered to the wrist. Peaked lapels formed a v-shaped chest. The double-breasted suit became popular and eventually gave way to the modern business suit (Nolan, 2005). In 1935, however, prosperity in the United States slowly returned. Prosperity also demanded a better design of the business suit. The ‘London cut’ was introduced to the fashion world at this p oint. Sleeves tapered slightly from shoulder to wrist, the pockets and buttons were high, the lapels were wide and pointed flaring from the top rather than the middle buttons, and flat rather than roll lapels completed the London cut business suit (Nolan, 2005). The London cut business suit underwent various changes to its style with the Windsor double-breasted and the Kent double-breasted suits making their way into men’s tailoring. Blazers also became a

Science in the Media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science in the Media - Assignment Example The robots would perform tasks like removal of waste, burial of dead bodies and other operations. The scientists are still in the negotiation process of whether to go on with the plan or not (John, 2014). Ebola is a viral disease that has threatened the lives of people especially in West Africa since its outbreak. The disease is very dangerous and can easily be transmitted from one party to the other. It has proved a nightmare to be managed because the health care providers have put their lives into risk while others have lost their lives. Governments and states over the world have also given grants and technical advice in the fight against to help contain the disease before spreading to other nations and coming worldwide problem like the current HIV/AIDS disease (Berger, 2013). According to the reported situation that the medical staffs are facing in Ebola strike countries, I do not think that robots can be solutions. The robotic technology is still very limited in the field of medicine. Medical care should be taken with much care as it involves processes inside the body. Robots can be used disarm bombs and drive cars which are limited levels of human capabilities. They may never be used to pick a poison inside stomachs (John, 2014). The Ebola crisis in Africa as well has also exposed considerable space between robot abilities and the requirements to manage humanitarian disasters (John, 2014). The countries experiencing the worst effects of the epidemic are not able to deploy the robots in fighting the horror disease. Instead of the use of robots, the scientist would have considered developing a vaccine and providing relevant and information about protection against the disease (Berger, 2013). Training robots to act in the human reasoning capabilities would take much time surpassing the rate at which Ebola kills. Ebola would take four weeks to kill the infected while robotic technology development would take a lot of time to be developed especially in the

Law for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law for Business - Essay Example ng that â€Å"we shall be holding you responsible for any claims brought against us by any customers who have suffered loss as a result of use of the toy.† In a different case, Toys4U posted an advertisement in the newspaper a vacancy for a sales assistant. Amanda applied for the job. She was called for an interview at the store. After the interview, Amanda was told that her application failed since she did not have the ‘right attributes.’ The Sale of Goods Act 1979 specifically section 14 protects purchaser of goods against latent defects. In the outset though, there is a need to determine whether the transaction between Mrs. Sharma and Toys4U falls within the law’s protection by establishing that the sale was made â€Å"in the course of a business.† While this is not defined in SoGA 1979, UCTA 1977 explained that the phrase in the course of business indicates that the sale be an integral part of the business (Koffman & Macdonald, 2007). In this case, Mrs. Sharma bought the toy in Toys4U, a retailer selling toys in the normal course of its business. Quite clearly, the transaction was not a mere private sale. The claim which Mrs. Sharma may file against Toys4U involves the breach of implied terms in the purchase of the toy Polaris Missile under section 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. There may be liability by Toys4U with respect to its implied conditions to the product’s ‘fitness for purpose’ and ‘satisfactory quality’ since it was the proximate cause of Pritam’s injury. Section 1 (1) of the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 which amended s. 14 (2) of SoGA 1979 provides that "where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality† (cited in Chantry, n.d., p. 130). As laid down in s.1(2A) of the 1994 Act, â€Å"goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of

Financing Options for Larger Purchases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financing Options for Larger Purchases - Essay Example It is like a contract between two parties written for engaging in a transaction. The selling party must fulfill all the obligations written in the contract for the transaction while the buyers must also engage themselves in the particular transaction. Different financing options have different prices depending upon the value of the asset which is to be bought or sold. Usually the values of asset are currency or bonds or it may be future contracts along with a premium package till the expiry of the contract. When the option is exercised within due time, the other party collects its premium from the buyer & deliver the asset to the buyer. If the option is not fulfilled into the due time of expiry, the contract is considered void. There are such types of options too in which the actual buyer of an asset sell it to someone else, this is known as the exchange of option. Usually, all kinds of financial options are provided by finance corporations or by investment banks. Whenever there is a contract held between two parties considering any of the financial options, the terms of the option are required to write down. It must always mention the quantity & type of asset to be purchased & at what value it is going to be sold out. The expiry date is also mentioned in the contract & also some other terms & conditions upon which the whole contract is written, like the premium amount, the interest rate etc. The options are mainly of two types, the exchange-traded options which have a set of pre-defined contracts like stock options, bond options, index options etc, & the over the counter option which is not on an exchange & is simply between two parties. There can be as many terms & conditions in the latter one as both the parties want, depending upon their particular situation & the kind of valuable asset. There are also employee stock options typically in US which are in a form of an incentive from a company to its employees (PETCHERS. 2003). Purchasing of a house or a car o r something big like these always require some time to stop & think deeply what & which kind of financial option will suit according to the current situation anyone is facing. They are a real necessity & thus cannot be avoided. On the other hand, one must look into his/her budget & the actual need for that very item. One should not get tempted from the luxurious items which are out of range & should not get over spend. The one who has the money should be the one to decide what option will better suit him/her & what will not. At what interest rate can anyone afford the installments & thus before signing over any contract the details must be well read by the purchaser. Personal finances such as house, car, large electronic appliances etc need a lot of financial planning with respect to the budget & savings & considering future financial risks. Several ways to earn right amount of financial assistance at right time include insurance policies, investments in some business or in stock ma rket, social security plans & benefits, saving accounts & consumer loans etc. When looking for financing of  large purchases, the easiest & the best way is the exchange-trade option, which is always standardized & the set of rules is pre-defined very clearly so that there would be no ambiguity remains in the contract. There can be installments procedure in which there are 3 months, 6 months or sometimes a 9 month installment can be made in order to cover the whole price of the asset. As there has been throughout computerized

Law for Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law for Business - Essay Example ng that â€Å"we shall be holding you responsible for any claims brought against us by any customers who have suffered loss as a result of use of the toy.† In a different case, Toys4U posted an advertisement in the newspaper a vacancy for a sales assistant. Amanda applied for the job. She was called for an interview at the store. After the interview, Amanda was told that her application failed since she did not have the ‘right attributes.’ The Sale of Goods Act 1979 specifically section 14 protects purchaser of goods against latent defects. In the outset though, there is a need to determine whether the transaction between Mrs. Sharma and Toys4U falls within the law’s protection by establishing that the sale was made â€Å"in the course of a business.† While this is not defined in SoGA 1979, UCTA 1977 explained that the phrase in the course of business indicates that the sale be an integral part of the business (Koffman & Macdonald, 2007). In this case, Mrs. Sharma bought the toy in Toys4U, a retailer selling toys in the normal course of its business. Quite clearly, the transaction was not a mere private sale. The claim which Mrs. Sharma may file against Toys4U involves the breach of implied terms in the purchase of the toy Polaris Missile under section 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. There may be liability by Toys4U with respect to its implied conditions to the product’s ‘fitness for purpose’ and ‘satisfactory quality’ since it was the proximate cause of Pritam’s injury. Section 1 (1) of the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994 which amended s. 14 (2) of SoGA 1979 provides that "where the seller sells goods in the course of a business, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract are of satisfactory quality† (cited in Chantry, n.d., p. 130). As laid down in s.1(2A) of the 1994 Act, â€Å"goods are of satisfactory quality if they meet the standard that a reasonable person would regard as satisfactory, taking account of

Career Development Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Development Assignment - Essay Example Having a variety of options opens up a multitude of choices for my future career. First consideration that I should take is passion – where does my passion lie? Is it in serving others? Is it in exploring sites and sounds or is it in running my own business? I have decided to approach it in two ways: in the short-term, I would like to learn as much about the industry as I can. Therefore, my decision was to get involved in the services sector. I would like to target a hotel management trainee position, in the likes offered by Tangloom Resort, which provides a comprehensive understanding of all the aspects of the services sector for the industry. With that I will have exposure on the variety of roles that I can take, at the same time, be exposed to the tourism industry aspect of the resort service. A resort-type of environment offer challenges in meeting more variety of nationalities and cultures. Having spent the first five years of my career being exposed in those aspects of t he industry, I will now have to look at my long-term plans. In the long-term, I would like to prepare for retirement. Thus, my experiences in the short term should be able to bring me an opportunity for a long-term career and gain experience and resources, especially financial resources, for a respectable employment. At this point, I have yet to paint a clearer picture of the long-term goal. Having limited exposure to the industry and what it can offer me financially, I cannot complete my long-term plans. However I look forward to taking the path towards my short-term goal which exposes me to the possibilities in preparing for my long-term plans. To set me on the right path, I will focus my learning plans to my short-term goals. I will make sure that my curriculum covers the necessary courses to provide me with tools to be successful in the hospitality industry. During summer, I will take up

Literature Review Of Essential Oils And Aromatherapy Nursing Essay

Literature Review Of Essential Oils And Aromatherapy Nursing Essay Aromatherapy is perhaps the most increasingly popular Complementary and Alternative Medicine in this century. It is suitable for both physiologically and psychologically problems. Research and several studies have looked at the variety benefits of essential oils and aromatherapy in our life. Aromatherapy can improve the quality of life and it can promote physical, mental and spiritual well-being. Much of this research has focus in benefit of aromatherapy and essential oils. Benefits of Aromatherapy: According to Life Mojo Team (2009) suggested that aromatherapy connect the physical and emotional effects of massage within the medical and psychotherapeutic properties of essential oils. Aromatherapy relieves physical pain, exchange personal mood, reduces stress and heal the body. A essential oils is a liquid that distilled from the leaves, stems, flowers, bark, roots or others elements of plants. It is used in various ways such as bathing, massage, inhalations and compresses. They argued that these can be advantageous for healing physical pain in muscle as well as calming anxiety and easing other negative emotions. The chief focuses of this article are the benefits of Aromatherapy which are increasing muscle relaxation and tone. It can lower blood pressure, reduce stress level and it can be relieved tension headaches. It can be decreased constipation and abdominal spasm and helps womens problems such as PMS (Premenstrual syndrome) and menopausal. Emotions like anxiety and depressio n can be alleviating. The essential oils like lavender can relief dry, smooth and inflamed skin. Blending essential oils likes lavender and rosemary can help in relaxation and anxiety in palliative care. However, essential oils should be avoided from pregnancy women, people with hypertension (high blood pressure) and cancel people who receiving chemotherapy. Health Benefits of Aromatherapy Essential Oils: According to Kate Le Page (2010), Aromatherapy provides relief from mental, physical and emotional health problems. At this point, Farrer-Halls (2005) agree with Life Mojo Team (2009) that essential oils reduce stress and anxiety, decrease the likelihood of skin irritation and increase the benefits of healing properties. Therefore, Kate Le Page (2010) suggested that blending oils such as Lavender and Sandalwood improve sleeping. Also, essential oils are useful in cooking such as in small amounts to flavor foods, drinks and toothpaste. Benefits of Aromatherapy and Essential Oils: However,  Michael Vincent (2009) suggested that aromatherapy oils can be effectiveness in sports injuries, as a result people having the facility to perform in sports of their selection activity. Therefore he argued that the concentrated of essential oils are both physical and emotional in the body likes facial oils which are helping people to chill both mind and soul. Essential oils access into blood and can effectiveness both beauty and health. On the other hand some oils can be harmful to the human skin due to the fact that they will be irritating your skin. 7 Essential Benefits of Aromatherapy: Moreover some of the more valuable work of this kind, like Ramos (2010), identifies the top seven benefits that occur from using aromatherapy. Initially aromatherapy using rosemary essential oil can improve the mood and offer feelings of satisfaction. Also through essential oils the complementary therapy can actually induce calm, relaxation, and a deep sleep for a refreshed feeling in the morning. One more advantage of aromatherapy, with applying essential oils, is to improve complexion, by providing anti-inflammatory benefits to decrease dryness, irritation and calm red and rough skin. A professional complementary therapy treatment using gingers and peppermints properties can guarantee a relief of chronic asthma. Utilizing aromatherapy we can treat nausea and stomach problems. Particularly it targets to the first stage of digestion and is creating an instant reaction to flow digestive juices, in order to ease a number of stomach problems. Furthermore at the point that aromatherapy h elps reducing the symptoms of PMS, Ramos (2010) agrees  with the view  of   Lifemojo Team(2009), whose article is  stated above. Specifically he argues that aromatherapy methods, like aromatic baths or a massage with essential oils can reduce the symptoms of Premenstrual syndrome. Finally the seventh more important advantage of aromatherapy, according to Ramos (2010), is that it helps to get rid of a bladder infection. A bladder infection can be treated promptly using the essential oils and pressing over the bladder or taking aromatic bath with essential oils. To sum up these articles are providing the benefits of Aromatherapy and essential oils. Aromatherapy is a Complementary therapy that uses plant materials, known as essential oils. It is suitable for both physiologically and psychologically problems. An essential oil is a liquid that distilled from leaves, flowers and other elements of a plant. It alleviate a variety of mental and physical health conditions and it also reduce stress levels. Although Life Mojo Team (2009), Kate Le Page (2010), Michael Vincent (2009) and Ramos (2010) present their opinions about the benefits of aromatherapy and essential oils, there is  scope  here for  more  research that. Do you believe that Aromatherapy helps people with cancer?

Southern White Slaveholder Guilt :: American America History

Southern White Slaveholder Guilt Guilt is an inevitable effect of slavery. For no matter how much rhetoric and racism is poured into such a system, the simple fact remains that men and women are enslaving men and women. Regardless of how much inferior a slaveholder may perceive his salves, it is obvious that his "property" looks similar, has similar needs, and has similar feelings. There is thus the necessary comparison of situations; the slaveholder is free, the slave is in bondage-certainly a position that the slaveholder would find most disagreeable. So there is no doubt that any slaveholder with any measure of humanity within himself would feel guilt. And in fact, as the evidence is considered-including the pro-slavery propaganda-the reality of southern guilt is overwhelmingly obvious. The guilt is seen in their words, both private and public, uncovered in the pro-slavery diatribes, and understandable in their humanity. Before this discussion of guilt in slaveholders begins, it is necessary to first define how we will define guilt. Certainly if a man says he is guilt-stricken with conviction we can take this as adequate evidence of his guilt. However, certainly not everyone takes this direct an approach. James Oakes makes a good point in recognizing that guilt is not always starkly obvious. "Guilt is the product of a deeply rooted psychological ambivalence that impels the individual to behave in ways that violate fundamental norms even as they fulfill basic desires (Oakes 120)." In other words, guilt creates such inner turmoil that a guilty man will deviate from normal behavior. In this case, we will have to show two things: first, a slaveholder is committing detrimental actions (to himself or his family) that show he is in mental distress, and second, that these actions are a result of his status as a slaveholder. It is obvious that we cannot prove the latter point, but we can show it is the most p robable situation for his guilt. Finally, if a slaveholder is making pains above and beyond law and custom, it is most likely that these actions are to alleviate feelings of guilt. This is because we may assume any deliberate actions taken by any man are usually taken because he assumes they will benefit him in some manner. And if such an action is costly (money-wise), then it must have some allure in terms of personal happiness. So to show guilt, we will set forth examples of open confessions of guilt, deviant behavior, and uncommonly good treatment of slaves.

A Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas Essay -- Philosophy

A Philosophical Criticism of Augustine and Aquinas: The Relationship of Soul and Body       The relationship of the human soul and physical body is a topic that has mystified philosophers, scholars, scientists, and mankind as a whole for centuries. Human beings, who are always concerned about their place as individuals in this world, have attempted to determine the precise nature or state of the physical form. They are concerned for their well-being in this earthly environment, as well as their spiritual well-being; and most have been perturbed by the suggestion that they cannot escape the wrongs they have committed while in their physical bodies.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the evolution of philosophic thought, there have been many different views on the relationship of mind and body. The great philosopher Plato and the Neoplatonists held the belief that man's body is merely a prison of his soul, but St. Augustine later refutes this with his idea of the disembodied soul. He distinguishes between the concept of the physical form and the spiritual soul, and he argues that humankind can be redeemed because of the God spirit contained in the intellectual soul. This intellectual soul is not an inseparable part of the body, as St. Thomas Aquinas postulates. Instead, this soul is indeed the higher part of man, the state and well-being of man depends upon its stability.      Ã‚  Ã‚   St. Thomas Aquinas adjusts this theory. He claims that the soul and body are inseparable, and he states that the soul is the form of the body. St. Thomas further believes that God creates the soul and matter (physical body) simultaneously, and the body affects the nature of that soul. His conception of redemption is distinctly different from Augustine; he a... ...stine: essays on some aspects of his thought written in commemoration of his 15th centenary. Sheed and Ward, Ltd., London : 1945. Rev. D.J. Leary. St. Augustine on Eternal Life. Burns, Oates and Washbourne, Ltd., London : 1939. W. Andrew Hoffecker. Building a Christian World View, vol. 1: God, man, and Knowledge. Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., Phillipsburg, New Jersey : 1986. William S. Babcock. The Ethics of St. Augustine: JRE Studies in Religion, no. 3. Scholars Press, Atlanta : 1991. Armand Maurer. Being and Knowing: Studies in Thomas Aquinas and Later Medieval Philosophers, Papers in Medià ¦val Studies, no. 10. Pontifical Institute of Medià ¦val Studies, Toronto : 1990. Thomas Aquinas. Faith, Reason and Theology. Armand Maurer,translator. Medià ¦val Sources in Translation, vol. 32. Pontifical Institute of Medià ¦val Studies, Toronto : 1987.

African Americans Civil War Essay

This paper is fundamentally about the influence African Americans had on the Civil War. The subjects being addressed include black soldiers, the Underground Railroad, Frederick Douglass, religion, and the abolitionist movement. The integral importance of African Americans in the Civil War is that they changed the meaning and action of the war from being about unification to being about slavery, and the emancipation of slaves. In the areas of participating in the war in both battle and lecturing, the paper delves into the reasons behind such action, and the national consequence of African American participation in all of the aforementioned areas. We were at times remarkable buoyant, singing Hymns, and making joyous exclamations, almost as Triumphant in their tone as if we had reached a land Of freedom and safety. A keen observer might have Detected in our repeated singing of O Cannan, sweet Canaan I am bound for the land of Canaan, Something more than a hope of reaching heaven. We Meant to reach the North, and the North was our Canaan. -Frederick Douglass Introduction The importance of the black culture during the years of the Civil War cannot be expressed without a discussion of slavery, abolition, and the freedom the African American race faced. In the South as well as the North, prejudice abounded, and in that fact is found the fettered movement of the African Americans. In this paper, the issues of freed blacks in the Civil War will be addressed; these include but certainly are not limited to slavery, abolition, religion, black soldiers, the Underground Railroad and of course Frederick Douglass. In the course of the next pages, these topics will be discussed with brief historical accounts using textual evidence, and the sentiments of the tension between, not only the master-slave relationship, but also the relationship of white officers and black soldiers. It is the duty of history to extol the accounts of the brave men and women who made freedom possible for an entire race; in this paper, a glimpse of those people and the adversity they challenged will be aggrandized and the essence of black culture and their contribution to their own rebellion will be dissected. In the influence of African American mores and values and their command in history over a few decades during the Civil war, it is freedom and the right to express themselves without prejudice, that makes them a strong people, and in this paper those influences on America will be made explicit. Why are African Americans at War The idea of African Americans at war during the Civil War is an answer that can be found in the crescendo of abolitionist speeches. Freed blacks wished to be at war to free their brothers and sisters who were still slaves; they were at war for many reasons. The call to war could not have been met with any more gusto than it was meet in the black community, as McPherson (1965) quotes You, white fellow-citizens, constitute a very large majority of the voters†¦ Therefore we appeal to you to stand by us, and see that we are not unjustly punished†¦We are weak-you are strong. We are few in numbers – you are numerous. O, men of Massachusetts! Tell us not that there are two kinds of rights; rights of the rich, which you respect because you must; rights of the poor, on which you trample because you dare†¦ Freedom has been your legacy from birth; by some of us it has been achieved. We know what oppression is; protect us from this political oppression†¦Some of us have experienced the unutterable anguish of leaving our dear ones for the sake of freedom. We appeal to you to secure and protect us in the freedom which we have sought. Let us not be exiled form the State of our adoption†¦ (15). McPherson goes on to state that in the freed blacks their was a ferocity to be done with the injustice delivered to them, and the outlet for such animosity could be found in Lincoln’s call to arms for volunteers to staunch the south rebellion. The Union could only be re-united through war; African American roles were pivotal in the outcome. There could be no compromise in the issue of slavery; men were born free, not sold, not bartered. The African American influence in this regard was their quick approval of such sentiment and their quick action to restore themselves as human. McPherson further emphasizes the innate reaction for action on the part of free blacks, As we sympathize with our white fellow-citizen at the present crisis, and to show that we can and do feel interested in the present state of affairs; and as we consider ourselves American citizens and interested in the Commonwealth of all our white fellow-citizens, although deprived of all our political rights, we yet wish the government of the United States to be sustained against the tyranny of slavery, and are willing to assist in any honorable way or manner to sustain the present Administration. We therefore tender to the state the services of the Hannibal Guards (20). There should be not question as to why African Americans so whole-heartedly participated in the Civil War. In the following pages, their participation as soldiers, as Underground Railroad conductors and as a race ready to be educated and rid of the fetters that shackle them, will be explored, explained, and expounded upon. Black Soldiers It is often misjudged the amount of free blacks who participated in their own emancipation. As slaves, African Americans were subject to ineffable amounts of torture and pain: Mothers and sisters were forced into prostitution, men were separated from their families and the entire race was thought of as less than human, a savagery of mankind. With these sentiments and the labor forced upon them, the simple act of combat in rebellion against such strife and animosity should come as little surprise when reading the history books. The driving force of export in the South was built upon black labor, and the disillusionment that such labor could be forever enslaved was ludicrous. The types of influence that African Americans had during such a time were found in the ever-popular blues music, and gospel. While working in the fields it was song that men, women, and children would turn to, to pass the time and feel united. This however is only a small scope of the participation African Americans played during the infant conception of our country . During the Civil War, blacks were enlisted as soldiers. The sentiment was very diverse in this subject. Some Northern whites did not agree with blacks participating with them, they held a dichotomy of views between wanting the blacks to be free and having them serve with them. In this regard, black regiments were incepted and it was agreed that the commanders of these regiments would be retired white military leaders so that the general populace still felt the commodity of ‘safety’ when thinking about blacks serving in the war with whites. Thus prejudice is proved to be very much alive even in the cultured North. In McPherson’s book The Negro’s Civil War (1965), he states, Despite the fact that Negro soldiers had fought for the United States in the Revolution and in the War of 1812, a federal law barred colored men from serving in state militias, and there were no Negroes in the regular United States Army. A group of Boston Negroes met in the Twelfth Baptist Church on April 23 to call for the repeal of laws that kept colored men out of the army. Robert Morris, a Negro lawyer in Boston, declared that ‘if the Government would only take away the disability, there was not a man who would not leap for his knapsack and musket, and they would make it intolerable hot for Old Virginia’. On April 29 a Negro drill company was organized in Boston, and in subsequent weeks the colored men of Massachusetts sent several petitions to the legislature praying for the repeal of discriminatory militia laws (20). In this quote is found the discriminatory actions of the side of the war that is supposed to be sympathetic towards the plight of African Americans. Though it could not considered direct hostility, the fact that at first blacks were denied to participate physically in their own emancipation was a deterring event in the process of freedom. During the course of the war it should also be cited the black regiments proved themselves with valor and without trepidation. It is documented that the Secretary of War denied the right of blacks to participate in fighting . The general fears of the Northern states were negated, and this fact is found especially true for the victory in Port Hudson. Colonel Higginson’s regiment on May 27, 1863 (a black regiment) fought against a Confederate stronghold, and though they were not victorious, they gained the accolades of the white regiments for their bravado during the battle. As McPherson quotes of this episode, â€Å" ‘The self-forgetfulness, the undaunted heroism, and the great endurance of the negro, as exhibited that day, created a new chapter in American history for the colored man’† (185) . In this event, prejudice was all but vanquished from the white soldiers’ minds. The influence witnessed and recorded here proves undeniably that African Americans were essential in the fight against slavery, and the eventual event of their own freedom as well as staunching the belief system of the majority Northern sentimentality. To further expound on these heroic traits brought forth by black regiments, and the clouded judgment of white soldiers and officers, McPherson offers these accounts on the prejudice and the overcoming of such bigotry, A white officer of engineers who had witnessed the assault declared that ‘you have no idea how my prejudices with regard to negro troops have been dispelled by the battle the other day. The brigade of negroes behaved magnificently and fought splendidly; could not have done better. They are far superior in discipline to the white troops, and just as brave’. And the moderate New York Times, commenting on the reports of the battle, said that ‘this official testimony settles the question that the negro race can fight†¦It is no longer possible to doubt the bravery and steadiness of the colored race, when rightly led†¦A Philadelphia Negro wrote privately on June 11, 1863, that ‘public sentiment has undergone a great change in the past month or two, and more especially since the brilliant exploits of the several colored regiments (185-187) Indubitably, the values the Northern states once held about blacks quickly vanished with word coming from the battle field of the African American’s own fortitude in fighting against their former oppressors. Prior to the war, Northern states held similar attitudes that the Southern states exuded; that of African Americans being a weaker race, and thus justifiably enslaved, as Glatthaar expresses in Forged in Battle (1991), â€Å"Yet like Southerners, Northern whites had powerful prejudices against blacks†¦It was one thing, most Northerners reasoned, to regard the enslavement of the black race as cruel and inhumane; it was another to ask Northerners to regard blacks as their equals or welcome them as neighbors and friends† (11-12). The small earthquake that the blacks gave to the whites during the Civil War was their unflinching determination during battle. To remedy the unjustified sentiments of the Northern populace, black regiments were mandated with white officers. This structure retarded the advancement of worthy black soldiers, and further impressed upon the African American race that they were oppressed. However, the struggle to be allowed to be soldiers was such that when granted the opportunity, the qualms of the arrangement were shadowed by the joy to actually be allowed to fight in battle. Though the influence of black regiments during the Civil War is concrete in history, the conclusion of such an arrangement was debilitating to the idea of ending slavery. Black regiments were not at first allowed to be commanded by an African American officer, but as Glatthaar states, From the very beginning it was evident that white men would officer these new black units. Lincoln and the War Department believed they must make this program as palatable as possible to the Northern public and soldiery, to diminish the controversy in an already controversial proposal. One of the best means to do that was to reassure Northern citizens that white men would always be in charge (35) In the false reasoning of these displays of military obstinacies, blacks were commanded by (as said prior) retired white officers . This arrangement furthered the absurdity of the assumed inferiority of blacks, as Glatthaar further extrapolates, Because most Americans had doubts about the innate ability of blacks to fight effectively, they hoped that highly competent white officers would significantly upgrade black units. Here again, blacks felt the severe constraint of prejudicial contradictions. On the one hand, casting aside the numerous examples in American history in which blacks had fought well, substantial numbers of both soldiers and civilians believed that blacks were inferior humans, more akin to savages, and therefore would be extremely difficult to control once in a killing frenzy†¦the conclusion was that the best white men could handle the immense responsibility of commanding black soldiers†¦Of course, barring blacks from command positions stifled their opportunities for advancement, but ideally the selection process would secure quality officers , who in turn would help build outstanding black units†¦To ensure its continuation and success, for the benefit of all blacks, many believed it was best to give them the finest officers available-who happened to be whit veterans. Once the public began to accept black soldiers and acknowledge their wartime contributions, then they could resurrect the idea of black officers (35-36) In the influence that black soldiers had on the Civil War it is apparent that the strides taken with the community of African Americans had an overwhelming effect on the preconceived notions both the North and the South had about blacks, and in this discovery is shown the strength of that race to prove not only to these sides but to themselves that united they could share in battle the fighting as well as the victory. The Underground Railroad With any discussion concerning the influence African Americans had on the Civil War and by extension on America it is in the Underground Railroad that a true staple of American history was ignited. African Americans not only found their way to freedom through the succor of sympathizers but were themselves strongly involved with aiding other slaves onto the road to a new and free life. There was a great throng of religious peoples involved in the success of the Underground Railroad but African Americans were the third pillar of this unique system . In the Free states of the Union, especially those that bordered the Ohio River, their strength in numbers was overwhelming . The rivers surrounding Northern states were very reliant upon the water as a means of transportation and it helped escaped slaves cross over from Kentucky. Along with helping to aid the recently freed blacks, fellow African Americans were conductors, and agents helping to signal when and where a man should go, and other black hamlets, which abounded near the rivers, were key holding areas where fugitives could rest, and eat, regaining strength before continuing onto the next leg of the journey. As Bordewich writes in Bound for Canaan (2005), â€Å"In the Sardinia area, north of Ripley, reputedly the most reliable conductor for many years was a freed slave named John D. Hudson, ‘a man of good intellect and powerful physique and when enraged of no more fear than a mad bull’ as Beck described him† (200). One extraordinary account of freed slaves is witnessed in Lancaster County in Pennsylvania. This county was home to conservative Germans, Amish, and Mennonites as well as Quakers. This county was home to hundreds of fugitives, who were either just arriving or leaving to find their homes up North as far as Canada. Most of the fugitives, however, found themselves gainfully employed, and had even made houses for themselves. Since the population was growing with fugitives, the spot was a magnet for slave hunters. As Bordewich states of Lancaster County, â€Å"In 1851 Lancaster’s blacks lived in a state of permanent high alert against gangs of night-riding kidnappers who broke into cabins without warning, seized men and women in their sleep, and carried away entire families† (326). 1851 was a year for great influence in the African American culture. Their work with the Underground Railroad had verified that their strength in numbers could bring about great change. Bordewich brings to the forefront of the railroad system the efforts of Lewis Hayden, Jermain Loguen, and William Parker and states, These men knew instinctively that the tide of history was running in their favor. The Christiana resistance had been planned and carried out entirely by African Americans, who had faced down the federal government and won, showing for all to see that blacks could and would defend themselves on a field of battle†¦Blacks had always played an assertive and sometimes dominant role within the clandestine purlieus of the underground, but this was the first time that they had done so in the open, and in the heart of two major cities, no less (343). Bordewich describes the Underground Railroad, not as a fixed system that does not alter to changing needs, but as a diverse system abundant in adaptability and the precursor to rapidly change in a threatening event. These changes were house, and shelter changes, as well route changes that the fugitives could travel to safety by. The immense influence the African Americans had in altering the Civil War is found not just by their escaping and using of the railroad, but also by their integral roles in aiding other fugitives in escape. Bordewich states, â€Å"The Underground Railroad is often visualized as a fixed system that , once established, was rarely altered. In actuality, routes were always in flux†¦Levi Coffin stated that during his lifetime he had directly and indirectly aided about thirty-three hundred fugitives to escape from slavery† (230). This number is just a small amount compared to all the fugitives aided by the Underground Railroad .