Evaluate the Strategic Leadership of Michael O’leary

Is Michael O’Leary an asset or a liability to Ryanair? The case suggests that he is both. Students could debate the pros and cons of Michael O’Leary’s continued leadership of the company. The characteristics that have driven the company forward – his enthusiasm and energy, his strategic insight, his determination and mission orientation – can be carried too far. Is it all part of an integrated inseparable whole, so do you have to take the good with the bad? Is this where we may enter the realm of Sidney Finkelstein’s failure warning signs, when you have too much of a good thing? In fact, some schools of thought would value Michael O’Leary’s relentless energy and his thriving on adversity. It shows a lack of complacency – quite the opposite of what Finkelstein points out as a danger signal. The capacity to irritate may bring about conflict and change. Also, in Michael O’Leary’s favour, as Ryanair’s largest single shareholder, he literally ‘puts his money where his mouth is’. Another way of looking at Michael O’Leary’s leadership is whether he was the right person for the job during the change era, but does the company now require more of a ‘manager’ than a ‘leader’ during a consolidation era? In other words, this is a ‘horses for courses’ approach to the evaluation of O’Leary’s leadership. One may ask whether and/or for how much longer Michael O’Leary wants to stay in the job. Will he get bored and retire to his cattle farm, currently his hobby? There is a suggestion that he would not be happy to preside over a static comfortable situation. Or, would he be headhunted by another airline or by another business altogether? Students might consider whether they would headhunt Michael O’Leary, and why or why not. Chapter 10 discusses types of leaders, i. e. transformational versus transactional and types of leadership emphases and approaches. It is an interesting exercise to see how students would categorise Michael O’Leary. Perhaps what emerges is that he is difficult to categorise. What does this imply?

Which Nut Has More Energy

Running Head; WHICH NUT Which Nut has More Energy? Aidan J. Flood Christ the King Many people ate peanuts such as explorers; the ones that explored the colonies. They lived off of the types of nuts grown in the colonies. (The life and Times of a Peanut) Many people ate nuts such as walnuts, peanuts, and almonds. All of the nuts pack a ton of energy inside. The testing was on which nut had more energy. It is necessary to test or experiment with the power of a nut, so people know how much energy each nut really holds, so they know which one to buy. In order to understand a nuts’ energy, it is necessary to know the following terms and formulas. You may need to understand energy. Energy is a usable heat or power, powers something or someone. You may need to know temperature, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com) BTU means British thermal units, it means the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 60 degrees Fahrenheit to 61 degrees Fahrenheit. I am using 125 ml, half a cup of water, which is equal 4. 17 ounces. The formula that I have for energy is, Energy= mass (125ml or half a cup, 4. 17 ounces) x increased temp Mass of the nut x 1000 (nut as in walnut or peanut) One is Celsius; Celsius is the type of temperature measurement in almost every other country except America. It was named after an astronomer; he created the scale of temperature. The other is Fahrenheit; Fahrenheit is mostly used in the U. S. It is a scale temperature which water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Now for the things that are being tested, A Peanut is a small oval seed of South American plant, mostly roasted, salted, and eaten as a snack. Also called a one seeded plant, grown on large farms. A nut is a hard shelled, one seeded fruit like an acorn or hazel nut. You will also need to know what a graph is, a graph is a diagram that exhibits a relationship between different sets of numbers and items. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com) Many plants and crops are grown organically and inorganically so that must be explained too. Organic means that the plants or crops are grown naturally without pesticides and any harmful chemicals. (http://www. thefreedictionary. com) This actually doesn’t affect the peanut because it is hard shelled and no pests can get in. Inorganic means not made with any organic materials at all and is protected with man made items that are not always helpful to the environment. The plants are grown with pesticides and chemicals. Morgan D. Nagatani conducted the same type of experiment in 2002. She thought that the walnut would have the most energy and it did. She stuck the needle into the nut and burned it with a lighter, but she used a small bucket instead of a juice can. The walnut did show the highest BTU, with cashew in second (I did not test the cashew), and the almond in 3rd. These results caused me to be more interested in for walnut . It had the highest in my experiment. This also helped me explain BTU, British Thermal Units, and it did affect my experiment. There are some things were noticed in the experiment that I learned. The walnut had the most energy out of many different nuts. Also people wanted to know what Joules were and I found that they are also another measurement of energy and heat. Something that I noticed was that when I was testing the bottom of the can would turn black, so I needed to know if the soot on the bottom would effect the heat that it gave off, and it did so I had to clean the can after every trial. Many people expected the walnut because of its mass, and it was because it was grown inorganic plus very large so it can burn longer. In the past experiment the walnut also won the prize for nut with most energy. It relates to my experiment because it tells me which nut to expect to win.

Google Company Essay

Thesis Statement: It is true that google company is the greatest place to work. What the company proud ,therefore, is that the great contributions Googlers make to the communities in which they live and work. Topic Sentence: Google Company provides its employees all kinds of perks to make them more productive and cooperative.   Supporting Details(1): There are lots of benefits for employees in google company. Question Details How is employees’ life in the Google company? Workplace at Google has a labyrinth of play areas; cafes, coffee bars and open kitchens; sunny outdoor terraces with chaises; gourmet cafeterias that serve free breakfast, lunch and dinner; Broadway-theme conference rooms with velvet drapes; and conversation areas designed to look like vintage subway cars. (2013) Google offers child care service in its Mountain View campus and also back-up child care to help California parents when their regularly scheduled child care falls through (About.com 2009). Google provides 100% health care coverage for its employees and their family. In addition onsite physicians and dentists are available at Mountain View and Seattle campuses (Google.com 2009). Google is very unique in its policy that allows employees to bring their pets to work on condition that pets are reasonably well behaved and house trained. However, the pet will have to be taken home upon the first complaint (Cosser 2008). Summary At google,there is not only cafeterias providing free three meals but cafes,coffee bars and open kitchens.What unique feature is google’s conference rooms and conversation areas which are with the subject of Broadway and are shaped as vintage of car(2013).To ensure employees and their family’s health,google has complete medical insurance.Besides,physicians and dentists work at Mountain View and Seattle campuses just in case of the people’ needs(Google.com 2009). Also,company offers service of children care and buck-up child care to help parents while they are working(Google.com 2009). Furthermore,google allows its employees to bring pets to workplace(Cosser 2008). Source(1): Website Author:James B. Stewart Publisher:James B. Stewart Reference:Stewart,JB 2013, ‘A Place to Play for Google Staff’,The New York Edition,p.B1,viewed 5 June 2014, retrieved from NYTimes Online,. Source(2):Online Author:Laura Schneider Reference:Schneider,L 2009, ‘Company Culture and History’,viewed 9 June 2014, retrieved from About.com: Tech careers,. ! Source(3):Online Author:Cosser,S Reference:Cosser,S 2008, ‘Google Sets the Standard for a Happy Work Environment’,viewed 10 June 2014,retrieved from Ezine Articles,. Supporting details(2):It is interesting that the Googlers do not working traditionally. Question Details How do the employees work in their office? Google lets many of its hundreds of software engineers, the core of its intellectual capital, design their own desks or work stations out of what resemble oversize Tinker Toys. Some have standing desks, a few even have attached treadmills so they can walk while working. Employees express themselves by scribbling on walls. The result looks a little chaotic, like some kind of high-tech refugee camp, but Google says that’s how the engineers like it(2013). In Googelplex People’s workspaces are full of individuality, and the atmosphere is relaxed. There is neither dress code nor formal daily meetings. Googlers can play beach volleyball, foosball, videogames, pool tables, table tennis, or even roller hockey on the campus, which makes this young population feel like they are still at a college campus rather than being in an office( Lashinsky, 2007a ). Summary Many software engineers who are core of intellectual capital are allowed to design their desk and even can have treadmills. Employees are able to scribbling on the walls to express themselves(2013). What is more, people in Googelplex do not have the need for dress code and daily meeting. Googlers have a lot of entertainment ways such as playing ball games, videogames, pool tables, table tennis, or even roller hockey on the campus(Lashinsky, 2007a ). Source(1):Online Author:James B. Stewart Publisher:James B. Stewart Reference:Stewart,JB 2013, ‘A Place to Play for Google Staff’ , The New York Edition,p.B1,viewed 5 June 2014, retrieved from NYTimes Online,.Source(2):Online Author:Adam Lashinsky Reference:Lashinsky,A 2009, ‘The perks of being a Googler’,viewed 8 June 2014,retrieved from Fortune,. Supporting Details(3):Google company provides its employees development opportunity and comfortable living place. Question What does google company offer for its employees? Details Allison Mooney, 32, joined Google two years ago from the advertising giant Omnicom Group, and the difference is â€Å"night and day,† she said. â€Å"I came here from the New York agency model, where you work constantly, 24/7. You answer every e-mail, nights and weekends. Here, you don’t have to show you’re working, or act like you’re working. The culture here is to shut down on weekends. People have a life.†she mentioned subsidized massages (with massage rooms on nearly every floor); free once-a-week eyebrow shaping; free yoga and Pilates classes; a course she took called â€Å"Unwind: the art and science of stress management†; a course in advanced negotiation taught by a Wharton professor; a health consultation and follow-up with a personal health counselor; an a uthor series and an appearance by the novelist Toni Morrison; and a live interview of Justin Bieber by Jimmy Fallon in the Google office(2013). Google Mountain View campus also includes services such as hair dressing,car wash, and oil change. The company also offers its employees personal development opportunities like foreign language classes (Google.com 2009). Summary Google’s employees have flexible working hours.There is no need to show they are working or pretend like they are working .At weekends,the culture in google is to shut down.Of course, google give its employees proper subsidy includes body cares and skill courses(2013).In addition google has a series of services,consisting of hair dressing,car wash,oil change. Employees can participate in foreign language courses to purchase development opportunities(Google.com 2009). Source(1):Online Author:James B. Stewart Publisher:James B. Stewart Reference:Stewart,JB 2013, ‘A Place to Play for Google Staff’ ,The New York Edition,p.B1,viewed 5 June 2014, retrieved from NYTimes Online,. ! Source(2):Online Reference:Google(2009), ‘The Best Place to Work. Retrieved 2009’,viewed 8 June 2014, retrieved from Google Diversity and Inclusion,. Thesis Statement: It is true that google company is the greatest place to work. What the company proud ,therefore, is that the great contributions Googlers make to the communities in which they live and work. Topic Sentence: Google Company provides its employees all kinds of perks to make them more productive and cooperative. At google,what unique feature is google’s conference rooms and conversation areas which are with the subject of Broadway and are shaped as vintage of car(2013).To ensure employees and their family’s health,google has complete medical insurance.Besides,physicians and dentists work at Mountain View and Seattle campuses just in case of the people’ needs(Google.com 2009). Also,company ! 7 offers service of children care and buck-up child care to help parents while they are working(Google.com 2009). Furthermore,google allows its employees to bring pets to workplace(Cosser 2008).Many software engineers who are core of intellectual capital are allowed to design their desk and even can have treadmills. Employees are able to scribbling on the walls to express themselves(2013). What is more, people in Googelplex do not have the need for dress code and daily meeting. Googlers have a lot of entertainment ways such as playing ball games, videogames,or even roller hockey on the campus(Lashinsky, 2007a ).Google’s employees have flexible working hours.There is no need to show they are working or pretend like they are working .At weekends,the culture in google is to shut down.Of course, google give its employees proper subsidy includes body cares and skill courses(2013).In addition google has a series of services,consisting of hair dressing,car wash,oil change. Employees can participate in foreign language courses to purchase development opportunities(Google.com 2009).

Cause and effect on hunter-gatherer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cause and effect on hunter-gatherer - Essay Example Proto-science can be alternatively called as the pre-science period but it had nonetheless contributed a lot to the development of established scientific methods. Simple observations of the workings of nature ensured survival of primitive peoples. It could include things like when animals will gather, where these animals drink and the various shrubs, berries and fruits of trees that are edible or poisonous (Hassler & Wilcox, 2008, p. 8). It can be described that life back then was very precarious that depended mostly on Nature on how Man manages to adapt himself to Nature. Seasons and weather patterns likewise have to be predicted with a certain degree of accuracy in order for men to prepare themselves. This paper tries to examine how these primitive societies managed to survive from the rigors and challenges of Nature from which we are descended. It is quite interesting to note that due to this preoccupation with adjusting to Nature, men had learned almost by instinct on how to interpret the world to ensure survival. It had become second nature (pardon the pun) in which men at those times behaved resulting into an in-built bias that served as a very survival mechanism by relating the cause to its effect. This is the discussion in this paper. The hunter-gatherer societies existed before man learned to develop agriculture. Due to the very nature of being entirely dependent on the vagaries of Nature, man has no choice but to become nomadic whenever and wherever there is plentiful food supply and where it is relatively safe for him to obtain such food supplies. Because of man’s innate capacity to learn and learn quickly, observation of Nature alone is not sufficient for him to survive. To be able to make sense of the observed patterns in Nature, man has to construct a model. This model is then used to resolve the ambiguities often seen in Nature. As a result of this tendency to avoid ambiguity, our brain’s circuits are predisposed to

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 86

Summary - Essay Example Therefore, President John Tyler who supported seizure was defeated by congressional northern and some member of the south (Kubiaks 1). The other obstacle to seizure was Mexico insistence that Texas was part of its territory. Upon nomination of James K. Polk, there was the restoration of the annexation call. He asserted all the Oren territory belonged to the American people. He convinced the northern that annexation would be beneficial to them all. After the election, the boundary that existed between Washington state and British Columbia was recognized (Kubiaks 1). This was done without war, and hence the northerners were convinced that this policy cared more about southern expansion at the expense of north (Kubiaks 1). However, Polk did not surrender to Mexican demand. This led to war, and he ended up winning all the territory he had offered to purchase from the Mexican. During the war, he sent troops into the disputed area of Rio Grande (Kubiaks 1). The Mexican at the same time sen t troops that led to skirmishes of 1846. America suffered a numbered of causalities, and this forced congress declaration of war. The war was fought from three different fronts. This led to Mexico losing Texas, California, New Mexico, and some parts of Northern Mexico (Kubiaks 1). The Mexican government was ineffective, and the command was divided while American had better arms with complete command. After this war, there was signing of the treaty of Hildago in 1848 (Kubiaks 1). In this treaty, Texas was ceded, California, and New Mexico to United States (Kubiaks 1). The united stats agreed to pay $15 million. The present day Texas was born. The joining of Texas had a noticeable impact on the southwest development. There was a steady increase in the number of migrants. There was also an influx of educated artisans and businesspersons. With such influx, there was established

The Problem of Adder-Tariff-Scheme in Thailand Essay

The Problem of Adder-Tariff-Scheme in Thailand - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Thailand is one of the successful countries that have made the progressive step in the use of solar energy in South East Asia. The government of Thailand has implemented photovoltaic support programme, which aims at increasing their renewable energy targets. This project has been made possible due to their outstanding policies that they have put in place. The country currently is in the process of implementing policies that will increase the solar energy production from 1,000MW to 3,000MW by the next years to come. These policies come after the government of Thai fails to accept the introduction of feed-in premium. The policies include the solar rooftop programme and community solar-based programme, which is still in development stage. The research shows that the government of Thailand spent many billions importing energy in the neighboring countries.This indicates that the country will continue spending a lot of money in the energy sector due to the risin g demand for the energy supply. This will increase the cost of dependency in foreign energy due to a projected rise in global energy prices. The research advocates for access to affordable and sustainable energy in Thailand. The major interest involved in energy systems are the difficulties that most developing government face in getting access to the energy. Therefore, for the government to improve its access to energy the previous endeavors of the energy department in order to pave way for new technology in the sector to be successful.

Race and Your Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Race and Your Community - Essay Example The period of the Great Depression also saw a huge influx of immigrants from different parts of Europe. Italian nationals were seeking refuge from political persecution and poverty and reached the shores of New England with high hopes. But the conditions prevailing at that time was hostile to its new citizens. The domination by the White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASP) at that time was uncontested and overwhelming. Though the Italian American community was technically "white" as well, their status was equal to that of black Americans. The trend persisted the following years, culminating during the Second World War, where Italy was at war with America. The civil rights of many Italian Americans were stripped and many innocent citizens were suspected of espionage and subversion. But my grandfather lived to see a positive transformation of this situation after the Second World War. The post War period saw renewed respect for all ethnic minorities given the fact that a significant percent age of armed forces came from the underclass and minorities. (Alba, 1985) As for our own leaders - their take on the situation was a little ambivalent. While blatant societal injustice caused rightful indignation, a corner of their hearts still felt indebted to this "land of the free" for gracefully embracing and welcoming these new citizens from afar. Such feeling for their adopted land is understandable, as my grandfather recollected the stories of persecution and oppression in his native land. (Alba, 1985) Another influential person in our family was our grandmother. Looking back, she was the last link to our ancestral native land. Not only she could speak fluent Italian, but also render an Opera or two. She was also adept at making marinara and rolling gnocchi. I remember how when I was a toddler, she would sing lullabies in Italian to put me to sleep. Much of my knowledge of Christianity is credited to her passing

Drawing on a range of scholarly articles, critically examine the Essay

Drawing on a range of scholarly articles, critically examine the relation between leadership and organizational citizenship b - Essay Example This behaviour is not part of the expected conduct that an individual is expected to portray prior to employment; thus, it is difficult to detect, as they are a result of the personal choice of the individual in question. This implies that organizational citizenship behavior is controlled and determined by an individual who exhibits it out of at his or her own decision and choice. The other important point about organizational citizenship behavior is that it is an effort from the employees to benefit the organization without expecting any form of reward (Shweta and Jha 2009, p.33). In spite of the definitions and explanations that label organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), there have been challenges attempting to prove that OCB is not a discretionary form of behavior, but rather can be influenced by other factors both within the organization and outside it. While evaluating the relationship between the OCB and leadership in an organization, it is crucial to avoid confounding by looking at all the other factors, other than leadership, that influence OCB and their impact on it as well. Firstly, organizational leadership shares a close relationship with OCB based on a number of leadership styles used in an organization, as well as efficiency of leadership in an organization (Lian and Tui 2012, p.60). In addition, there exist a relationship between leadership and OCB, which is based on the relationships found between leaders in an organization and their exchanges with their managers and subordinates in the organization. With this in mind, the Leader-Member exchange determines the relationship between employees, their superiors, and their employers. This is to mean that leadership styles that involve role modelling and communicating high levels of performance, as well as envisioning and invigorating employees intellectually affect organizational citizenship behaviour among the employees (Lian and Tui 2012, p.36). In such a case, the leadership style affect the ways in which employees interact with management to create an improved or poor performance willpower amongst the employees. As a result, employees OCB is affected negatively to an almost bare minimum, such that employees exercise their discretionary to flunk the organization. Therefore, the relationship between OCB and organizational leadership can be described as dependent on the state of leadership or style of leadership to influence how employees’ covert behaviour. In addition, transformational leadership behaviour is one that is known to influence this behaviour in employees as it involves direct contact between employees and management. It is through communication and motivation found in the transformational leadership style that contributes to improved OCB. This is because of the conduct of the leaders towards the employees, where they express satisfaction and appreciation for good performance. In addition, employers and leaders who have shared resources with the emplo yees, bring out the relationship between OCB and leadership. This is due to the level of personal support that employees share with the leaders, as well as time and information, which draw employees to engage in OCB readily. Studies indicate that leaders with defined job roles or

Adrienne Richs Elements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adrienne Richs Elements - Essay Example She was also known to receive a variety of awards on her poems. Through the years, Adrienne Rich focused seemingly on â€Å"fairytale† theme poetry writings (Academy of American Poets). However, through the years and within the course of her marriage, Adrienne Rich transitioned into a different focus on her life and poetry. The year 1973 and onwards were Adrienne’s significant years for which she transformed her poetry. These years were known for fighting on Women and Civil rights. She focused on writing poems that implied hatred on how women are treated, and she eventually became a feminist (Academy of American Poets). This paper aims to examine the unique elements of Adrienne Rich’s poem â€Å"Rape† and provide the meaning and effect of each. Adrienne Rich’s â€Å"Rape† Adrienne’s transition to writings and poems focused on feminism, and she had made them pieces of art works in the literary world. â€Å"Rape† was one of the kn own poems of Adrienne Rich pertaining to fight for women’s rights. Collins stated that â€Å"Rape† was made known in 1972, and this was an â€Å"example of the silencing nature of pain.† This was related to violence with regard to men’s predominance. The poem â€Å"Rape† was said to be one of Adrienne’s drive to women’s rights with regard to their abuse, and other crimes that made women victims. Sielke also stated that the poem was the armour to provide anger on â€Å"patriarchal oppression† and â€Å"compulsory heterosexuality† (152). Adrienne Rich used her capabilities to come up with her own ways and means to promote the rights of women. Examining Elements The significant elements of Adrienne Rich’s poem are the unusual use of a second person and the multiple connotations portrayed through her use of diction. The poem is all about a woman who seeks justice after being raped and relays the story to a police offi cer. The poem is said to portray the complications of reporting such case in a â€Å"criminal justice system† that is operated by men (â€Å"Violence against Women,† n. pag.). Second person usage in the poem meant that there is a â€Å"presence of a stereotyping consciousness† (Templeton 48). On the other hand, the use of a second person implies her emphasis on a woman who underwent a dreadful experience of violence such as rape, and the need to seek justice with uncertainty. The use of a second person also serves a motivation and awakening of women to come out in the open and demand justice. These were all clearly identified in almost all of the lines in the poem. One of the lines that clearly describe the main idea of the poem stated â€Å"You have to confess to him, you are guilty of the crime of having been forced† (Rich lines 11-15). The effect of this second person usage would be more personal for the reader. The readers can easily imagine the real complications and the need to fight for their right if this was to happen to them in real life. The multiple connotations that were portrayed through her diction implied her interpretation as to how she sees and describes the justice system when a woman is the victim of such crime. It is said that Adrienne Rich used straightforward messages for complicated meanings (Atwood 1-2, qtd. in â€Å"Adrienne Rich†). This poem did not use poetic verses or style that would be hard to understand, but rather direct, internal, and simple words that can typically relate to any ordinary life. Adrienne Rich was able to state thoughts about a specific scenario that a reader usually has an idea already of what is expected to happen. However, as the reader progresses into the next lines of the poem, it provides more definite meaning other than the one stated. It gives more emphasis on the agony of a

Research an Entertainment Business Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Entertainment Business - Research Paper Example (ATG, 2011). The business growth that ATG has achieved in less than two decades is a success story, specially attributed to Joint Chief Executive & Creative Director Howard Panter and Joint Chief Executive  Rosemary Squire OBE. Hoyle (2009) has recognizes the effort in these words, â€Å"It is an extraordinary story and one that could have distinct consequences for theatre goers, particularly in the regions, where the Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG) now has five times as many seats as any other operator.† ATG also acquired Live Nation’s Theatres in 2009 to further strengthen its market share. The group achieved the stature of single largest theatre group from scratch as Nighingale states, â€Å"That’s the challenge for Howard Panter and Rosemary Squire — who have seen ATG grow from nothing into the most important theatre group in the nation — have wisely or unwisely set themselves.† (Nighingale, 2009) The business of ATG falls under the doma in of art and media production, theatre and cinema industry. The ATG group run theatre and cinema, produces and invest in plays, films, dramas, live shows, comedy plays etc. It is a vast business sector that has diverse footings. â€Å"The arts, entertainment & recreation sector is a vast industry classification as per the NAICS – North American Industry Classification System.

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Marketing plan - Essay Example However, at later stages more specialized trainings will be given to employees. For staffing purpose, the job descriptions will be developed and the ads will be given on the website and in the printed media. Proper interviews and tests will be conducted to hire the staff. Vigor will be a created as a partnership among the three partners. The Partnership Agreement will be assigned by the three partners and they will have unlimited liability which means that in the case of the dissolution of the company, the personal assets of the partners can be also claimed by the creditors. No corporate taxes will be imposed and each partner will be liable to pay his personal tax at the rate of tax applicable to him individually. In future, if the company expands and we plan to establish more branches of Spa, then we may plan to convert our legal structure into a limited partnership or corporation. At Vigor, strong contacts will be established with health care providers. In collaboration with the health insurance companies, Vigor will offer insured services to its customers. Most of the people coming to Spas and taking massage therapies are unaware that when a physician prescribes massage therapy then it is usually paid by insurance. If insurance will not cover the expense of clients, the difference will be charged from the client. To handle insurance coverage, management software will be purchased. Vigor will also maintain a list of acceptable insurance companies and their clients will be handled. To ensure quality services, high quality products of good brands will be used. While servicing the customers their needs and wants will be understood. Moreover, a regular customer feedback will be also taken to ensure high service

Psychopathic behavior Essay Example for Free

Psychopathic behavior Essay Mike Tyson, or Iron Mike, the world’s youngest heavy weight boxing champion, has been involved in several problems with the law. A brief look at his life will show that it is possible that he is suffering from antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy. Mike was born in Brooklyn, New York on June 30, 1966. He came from a broken family as his left them when he was two years old. At his younger years, before 12 years old, he became a member a street gang and was involved in numerous bouts with the law. At the age 12 he was arrested for armed robbery and was sent a correctional center for juveniles in New York. At the age of 16 his mother died, and having no parent, he lived with his boxing trainer D’ Amato, became his legal guardian. There were rumors that he sexually abused a 12 year old girl. At age 20, in 1986, he came the world’s youngest WBC heavyweight champion. At age 21, he became the WBA heavy weight champion, and earned $20 million. Later he was married to actress Robin Givens, but they subsequently divorced. In 1992, he was convicted of rape and he spent 3 years in prison. In an official match, he bit off a chink of Evander Holyfield’s ear, which caused him to be banished from boxing for quite some time. In 1999, he was again sent to prison for assault. In a 2002 press conference, he attacked Lennox Lewis and bit his leg. In 2005, he was in debt for $34 million, despite earning hundreds of millions throughout his career. In 2006, he was again apprehended for driving while under the influence of alcohol. Based on these, it can be believed that Mike Tyson is possibly suffering from antisocial personality disorder. The key symptoms of antisocial personality disorder are; repeated lawbreaking, which can be seen from his repeated arrests; deceitfulness or lying; impulsivity, irritableness and aggressiveness, which can be seen from his assault and attack charges; reckless disregard for own safety and that of others, which can be seen when he was driving without a license; irresponsibility as seen unreliable employment history or not meeting financial obligations, which can be seen is being in debt for millions of dollars; lack of remorse; conduct disorder, which can be seen as he was already a member of a gang conduct disorder before 15 yrs of age. Lacks of affection, severe parental rejection, and lack of discipline from parents, are considered to be the primary causes of psychopathic behavior. In Mike’s case, he came from a broken family. He had no father since he was 2 years old. He had no mother since he was 16 years old. One might assume that mike never that the affection from his parents. When his father left their family, Mike might have taken it as being rejected. Their family set-up provided no or little room for discipline. Experts have found that it is futile to try to alter the nature of psychopaths (Davidson et al, 2004). A reason for this is that psychopaths just play along with therapists, indicating the manipulative character of psychopaths. It is also believed that it is unlikely that psychopaths would want to be in therapy. Recent studies however show that there can benefits from psychosocial treatment for younger patients with the said disorder (Davidson et al, 2004). Because of these, I believe treatment for Mike would be futile. Considering that he is already 42 years old, and that research have shown that treatment for psychopaths are often unsuccessful, and that psychosocial treatment would only benefit younger patients, it would be safe to assume that he will derive minimal, or no benefit at all from treatment. However since, he is already 42 years old, it can also be said that it would not be needed since psychopaths often settle down in middle age and after. In this stage in his life, antisocial behavior is believed to be less evident (Davidson et al, 2004). Reference Davidson, G. C. , Neale, J. M. , Kring, A. M. ( 2004) Abnormal Psychology. USA. John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Rules Of The Game English Literature Essay

Rules Of The Game English Literature Essay The main topic in this short story is the communicational barriers between mothers and daughters of different nationalities. All stories that make up the novel are related to this idea of not being able to communicate. First of all, it is hard enough to communicate with ones parents because of the generational gap, but for Waverly it is even more difficult to communicate with her mother because they have been raised in different countries, in different cultures. First of all, at the beginning of the novel there is a little introduction that covers all the themes that the novel deals with. It is the story of a woman who left China accompanied by a swan with dreams and hopes for a better life and when she finally arrived to the United States of America, she was deprived of the swan and was left with a single feather. The woman now whishes she could give her daughter that feather and teach her her meaning. I think that this introduction is the summary of the whole novel, and a good way to understand Rules of the Game. Here we can see that the introduction to the novel raises the issue of the linguistic and cultural barrier that exists between each immigrant mother and her American-born daughter. In this story, the daughter does not realize how lucky she is because she does not know her mothers story. It is impossible for the daughter to understand her mother because she does not know her past. Moreover, the mother actually wants to teach her daughter about her past so that she can learn from it, but her wish is not granted because even though she wants to do it, she is reluctant to do so because she is afraid that her daughter might not understand her or might think that everything she says is nonsense. At the same time that she fears that her daughter will not care about it, she is also fearful that she will not leave a mark in the world. And as we see in the story Rules of the Game, this also happens with the mother in Rules of the Game, Lindo, and her daughter, Waverly. Lindo wishes to teach Waverly everything she knows. Moreover, Lindo wants her daughter to have everything that she didnt have growing up in China. That is the reason why she teaches her daughter the art of invisible strength which is actually self-control. Lindo learns this lesson, and the importance of self-control in a very hard way, as we can see in her tale in The Joy Luck Club, and she gives Waverly all her knowledge even though, by teaching her, she is actually giving her the power to defeat her. Lindo teaches Waverly how to keep things to herself and use them when she needs them. And as we can see, Waverly actually uses this to her advantage throughout the story, to get her mother to let her compete and also to win chess games. The power that Waverly thinks the art of invisible strength has is very well depicted in this quote: I learned why it is essential in the endgame to have a foresight, a mathematical understanding of all possible moves, and patience; all weaknesses and advantages become evident to a strong adversary and are obscured to a tiring opponent I discovered that for the whole game one must gather invisible strengths and see the endgame before the game begins. I also found out why I should never reveal why to others. A little knowledge withheld is a great advantage one should store for future use. That is the power of chess. It is a game of secrets in which one must show and never tell. However, the main problem is that Waverly thinks that her intelligence is everything that she needs to be good at chess. It will be later on in her life that she learns that invisible strength was a very big part in her winning those games. When Waverly is little she has no concern for Chinese culture and she thinks that everything that comes from China is not useful in America. However, even if she does not realize that she is learning from her mother she actually is, and moreover, her mothers teachings have a big impact in her life. On the other hand, there is also a different theme in this story, which is the need of American-born children to separate themselves from the Chinese culture that their parents represent and to have a more separate American identity. The cultural differences make Waverly misunderstand her mothers pride in her achievements as pride in herself. But most importantly she wants chess to be a part of her own identity, separate from that of her mother and therefore, separate from Chinese culture. This is easily seen in her infuriating when her mother tries to advice her on how to play chess even though she apparently does not know anything about chess: Next time win more, lose less. Ma, its not how many pieces you lose, I said. Sometimes you need to lose pieces to get ahead. Better to lose less, see if you really need. Nevertheless, in the end, Waverly is able to win all those games, not only because of her aptitude but also because of her mothers teaching of invisible strength. As we can see in the following quotation, Waverly uses the wind as a metaphor for this invisible strength: Blow from the South, it murmured. The wind leaves no trail. I saw a clear path, the traps to avoid. The crowd rustled. Shh! Shh! said the corners of the room. The wind blew stronger. Throw sand from the East to distract him. The knight came forward ready for the sacrifice. The wind hissed, louder and louder. Blow, blow, blow. He cannot see. He is blind now. Make him lean lean away from the wind so he is easier to knock down. She, as it has already been said, thinks of the invisible strength as the wind, thus aligning herself with the same element her mother had identified with when facing her arranged marriage in China as we can see in the story Red Candle. So it is actually because of her mothers Chinese culture that she gets to be a chess champion. Furthermore, the way Waverly uses this metaphor is very similar to what we think of as Chinese imagery. Lindo is not the only source of Chiniseness that Waverly is exposed to, but also Lao Pao uses a lot of Chinese imagery when he is teaching Waverly to play chess. Another example of the fact that Waverly sees her mother, who represents Chinese culture, as something to reject and fight is that she depicts her mother as an actual opponent. The struggle for control between Waverly and her mother is symbolized in the dreamlike chess game at the end of Rules of the Game. Waverlys opponent in this game is two angry black slits. When Waverly confronts her mother during their shopping expedition, Lindos eyes turn into dangerous black slits. In the final line of the story, Waverly thinks, I closed my eyes and pondered my next move. Waverly does this in an attempt to break from the Chinese culture and trying to achieve an identity of her own, separate from that of her family, and, especially, her mother. Aside from the issue of linguistic and cultural barriers, and the need for a separate identity for the second generation, another important theme that this story deals with is storytelling. In the introduction of the novel, Tan uses a very short story in which we find the little tale that we mentioned before and which we may even consider it as a fairy tale. This brief introduction to the novel, like the feather that the introductions main character owns, symbolizes the importance of knowing the past to learn from it, and the only way to do it is by telling past experiences so that other people might learn from them. By stating this, all significance is given to storytelling. Additionally, storytelling acquires even more relevance for the children of Chinese immigrants, who are neither fully Chinese nor American and seek their identity in those stories. The oral tradition of the Chinese culture is like Russian matriuska dolls or a spiral case, as there is always a story embedded on another which is told from one person to another and thus there is no end to it. In this case, the introduction is a story in itself about a woman who is immigrating to America; this story has a fairy tale inside: the story of the duck stretching its neck to become a goose and instead became a swan. The mothers in the novel, by telling tales are ensuring that their story, the people in it, and their culture will not die with them, all those things will pass onto following generations, starting with their daughters. They also achieve the goal of making their daughters feel like they belong somewhere. When Lindo tells Waverly stories she is ensuring that she will be remembered by her daughter, and that she will pass on to her all her knowledge. Aside from this we should also make clear that circularity is a main characteristic of storytelling and also of this short story too. At the beginning of the short story, Lindo tells Waverly that strongest wind cannot be seen, and at the end of the short story we get the same sentence strongest wind cannot be seen even though this time it is Waverly who imagines her mother saying this. Therefore we can see how circularity and storytelling shape this short story. It is important to add that various narrators throughout the novel dwell on the idea of not being able to translate ideas, feelings, or cultural concepts from one language to the other. Mothers and daughters do not share the same language and therefore communication becomes only possible with the translation of Chinese into English, or vice versa. Thus the whole meaning that they want to pass onto the other person is lost in translation, their intentions might be misinterpreted. The mothers in this novel choose storytelling as their way of communicating due to the fact that neither the daughters speak much Chinese nor the mothers much English; there is an evident language barrier that they overcome by telling stories that they can all understand and from where they can simply get the moral. For example, Waverly remembers that her mother told her the story of a careless girl who ran into a crowded street and was crushed by a cab. So, as we can see storytelling in this case is being us ed as a cautionary tale. Moreover, Lindo does not explain explicitly the importance of self-control, but she actually uses a metaphor, the wind, to teach Waverly about this. And we can also see that because of the lack of communication, Waverly misinterprets her mother, and thinks she is giving herself credit for her daughters achievements. In conclusion,

Food Purchasing Cost Control

Food Purchasing Cost Control In the hospitality industry, purchasing may be defined as a function concerned with the search, selection, purchase, receipt, storage, and final use of a commodity in accordance with the catering policy of the establishment. (Davis and Kotas, 1986:47) Davis and Kotas (1986) suggest that purchasing is a fundamental function in the beverage control cycle. If this function is managed efficiently, then any hotel can attain quality beverage products at the minimum cost possible according to the companys financial objectives. The objective of beverage purchasing is to procure the best quality of items, at the lowest price for a specific purpose. It is a must to give considerable attention to the beverage cost control since beverages will normally throw in more profits than food. Fewer staff is required to process beverage into a finished item for consumption by the customers compares to food. (Davis et al, 2008) 3.2 The Purchasing Personnel Staff members that are responsible for the beverage purchases vary depending on the type and size of the establishment. (Davis and Kotas, 1986) The purchasing manager is responsible for the beverage purchasing function in Hotels One and Two. In Hotel-Three the purchasing manager and the food and beverage manager are responsible for the beverage purchasing function whereas in Hotel-Four the purchasing manager and the cost controller are accountable for this function. In Hotel-Two when there is a special theme night, the food and beverage manager will join the purchasing manager for such occasions. The purchasing function is centralised as hotel purchasing for Hotels One and Four. On the other hand the purchasing function is centralised as a group purchasing for Hotels Two and Three. It was agreed by all the interviewed personnel that the purchasing personnel have to be experienced and knowledgeable about the products that they have to order. In fact the purchasing manager in Hotel-Three has over thirty years of experience in this function. In the case of Hotel-Two it was mentioned that although experience and knowledge are vital for the purchasing function, most items in Malta are standard. Additionally it was also pointed out that the purchasing function depends on the demand of other departments. There have to be cross functional teams (that is team effort) and strong communication among all the hotel departments. Standards for beverage purchasing are developed for all the four hotels interviewed. Quality is given primary priority in all the hotels interviewed apart from for Hotel-Two where the first preference is on the price. In the case of Hotel-One, the products have to satisfy the bar manager and afterwards the purchasing personnel will deal for the best price for the pre-established quality. They will try to obtain the best price at the best quality. In Hotel-Three the purchasing personnel will try to attain a balance between price and quality however Quality is on top of the agenda. It is essential to consider the purchase of some of beverage items of each outlet separately. For example the wines offered at the pool bar will be at a lower quality and at a lower price when compared to the main bar. Each product can have a good quality, very good quality or best quality. The purchasing personnel have to choose the quality that is adequate for the specific outlet. In Hotel-Four both qualit y and price are given right of way however quality will always win. In Hotel-Two price is given precedence in the sense that, when choosing between two products with similar quality but different prices, the purchasing personnel will go for the cheaper product. The quantities of beverages to be ordered are determined by the storekeeper with the skilled assistance of the purchasing manager using a par stock level. When required in Hotel-One the cost controller will help out to determine the quantities to be ordered. In Hotel-Three the food and beverage manager will assist when needed to determine such quantities. 3.3 The Selection of Suppliers The suppliers selected can be either existing suppliers or potential suppliers. The advantage of the existing suppliers is that the quality of the goods received, the price and the service offered would all be already known. According to Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) when dealing with new suppliers it is vital to exercise prudence and to get the subsequent information as a minimum: Full details of the firm and the range of items it is selling; Copies of recent price lists; Details of trading terms; Details of other customers they deal with; Samples of products. Ideally there should be a visit to any potential supplier to enhance knowledge about the size of the company; the range of the products; the size of processing and storage facilities and to meet members of the management team. All these factors facilitate a sustainable long-term business relationship. (Dopsen, Hayes and Miller, 2007) Suppliers can be chosen on the basis of their reputation in the market, upon an investigation of a supplier and on the basis of their performance. The best supplier is the one who provides the firm with the most efficient service with regard to quantity, quality, price and delivery performance. (Davis and Kotas, 1986:53) In all the hotels except for Hotel-Four there is a list of agreed suppliers from whom products are bought. Hotel-One has a list of preferred suppliers from whom the purchasing personnel will buy continually. It is a preferred suppliers list rather than an approved suppliers list. The advantage of having a preferred rather than an approved list is that if any particular supplier will give you a hard time (not reliable towards the hotel), then this supplier can be immediately replaced. Hotel-Two has an approved supplier when it comes to soft drinks and beers. When it comes to spirits, the suppliers are preferred rather than approved. Hotel-Three has contracts with the suppliers containing pre-agreed prices and pre-agreed quality of the listed products, however if something will not vary for example the quality will deteriorate, the purchasing personnel will alter the supplier if the problems will not be tackled. Although there is a contract, it is not a fixed contact that is the hotel personnel are not obliged to buy the beverage products from the specific supplier. Hotel-Four does not have any suppliers list. In this hotel the suppliers are chosen according to the quality of the products, the type of brands required and the services that the supplier will offer to the hotel. When selecting the suppliers, the criteria evaluated by Hotel-One are credit term, quality and prices. The credit term period is given top priority. According to Hotel-One it is useless to go for the best quality and the best price if the credit terms period is short. In Hotel-Two price is given top priority when selecting suppliers while quality and lead time are also analysed to make the right decision. In the other two hotels quality is the most influential factor used to determine the suppliers to be chosen for the beverage products. Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) explained that the supplier performance can be evaluated using the rating system which usually includes: price, quality and delivery performance. Potential suppliers performance is only evaluated by Hotel-Three. Every now and then the purchasing manager will pick some items and verify if there is a better product in the market than the one that the hotel is currently using. The purchasing manager without involving employees in operation will pick up different products and will make a blind presentation and tasting of the product. The purchasing department will decant the product that will be identifiable (delete the tag and the supplier name) and the food and beverage manager will rate the product using a rating sheet including quality, yields among other factors. The person rating the product will not know who the supplier is. Although the decision taken will not be based on price, the food and beverage personnel will know the price to be able to match the product being tasted with its price accordingly. There have to be a balance between quality and price. It can be that the product quality is superior compared to the hotel standard thus the product will not be affordable. Then the rating sheet is filled out. Hotel-One pointed out that the suppliers evaluation and performance is not prepared because this does not add any value on the hotel sales. The cheapest item is not automatically the best to buy since low-cost products can lead to low quality. Normally the responsible persons go for the supplier on the basis of the quality required and then negotiate the best price for it. There is always a trade-off between quality and price. 3.4 The Purchasing Procedure According to Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) the various steps in the purchasing procedure are: The initiation of a request to purchase beverages by an authorised employee such as the head of department or restaurant manager; The selection of the source of supply from which the goods are to be purchased, and the price to be paid; Entering into a contract with the supplier by telephone, electronically or in writing; Obtaining a satisfactory delivery performance from the supplier with regard to time, date and place of delivery; The acceptance of goods ordered and the transfer to the ordering department or to the stores. Purchasing is not a separate activity. What, how and when you buy must always reflect the overall goals of your establishment. Trends change so must you, the purchaser. (Brown, 2005:396) Dopsen, Hayes and Miller (2007) recommend that the procedure should reflect the type of the establishment and the market where it operates. Those responsible should consider: the location of the establishment in relation to its suppliers; the size of the storage facilities of the hotel; the shelf life of the beverage product; and the companys purchasing power. Whatever the establishment is, it is crucial to have a sound purchasing policy so that satisfactory standards will be achieved. 3.5 Purchasing Orders In every hotel it is vital to have purchasing policies and procedures which are planned to allow business transactions to take place smoothly between supplier and receiver. Documentary evidence should confirm that the procedures are actually being followed. In Hotel-One purchase orders are authorised by the purchasing officer and the financial controller while in Hotel-Two these are authorised by the group purchasing manager. In Hotel-Three the purchase orders are authorised by the cost controller or the general manager while in Hotel-Four these are authorised by the head of department and the latter will also communicate with the financial controller and the general manager, if deemed necessary. In all the hotels those authorising purchase orders are independent from those responsible for issuing requisitions. This prevents certain abuses that can be carried out when the same person will be responsible for both authorising purchase orders and for issuing requisitions. In Hotel-Two the persons issuing requisitions are the head of departments or the supervisors. Then the storekeeper will deliver the items that were previously ordered and the cost controller will verify that every order is in its perspective. In Hotel-Four the purchase orders are prepared by the head of departments while for the other three hotels, the purchase orders are prepared by the purchasing manager. Every hotel has a system of par stock level. In Hotel-One the cost controller will work to create a par stock level which will depend on the period of the year, the type of functions that the hotel has, and the type of clients that the hotel has. The aim of these par stock levels is to have some items of every stock with a limited quantity since excessive stock means cash put down the drain. Additionally useless stock will lead to negative cash flows. In Hotel-Two it was remarked that the par stock level used is an informal one that will be adapted according to the company needs. A point to note is that in Malta, hoteliers work a lot on a last minute purchases. This can be used since distances are short and so if there is a stock item missing, you can phone the supplier and the latter will bring the item in a few hours. In Hotel-Three the cost controller is responsible to ensure that stocks in the stores are kept lowest as possible as these will represent idle money. The information contained in the purchase orders of each hotel is nearly identical to each other. Hotels One and Three does not have the terms of payments listed in the purchase orders. The purchase order of Hotel-Three contained a disclaimer that declares that if the supplier (who will receive the purchase order) will not agree with the purchase order in terms of quantity or price or he does not have the pre-agreed brand, the supplier shall inform the purchasing manager before the delivery. In Hotel-Four the type of brand is not listed in the purchase orders. All the hotels have sequentially pre-numbered purchase orders. Normally a copy of the purchase order is being received by the supplier. The goods received clerk/storekeeper will also receive the purchase order and the same copy will go to the cost controller who will attach it with the invoice and passes it through his system and then the cost controller will give the purchase order to the accounts clerk who will pass it through the accounting system. On receipt of an authorised requisition form, it is vital to check the economic quantity to be purchased by checking the existing stocks and the sales volume forecast. After establishing the purchase requirements, a formal written purchase order is prepared. This serves as the basis for ordering. Written records lessen misunderstandings so it is better to maintain some written record of purchases, preferably on a purchase order, to verify the accuracy of deliveries received. (Dopsen, Hayes and Miller, 2007) 3.6 Concluding Remark Think of purchasing as a cycle, not a one-time activity. Purchasing is not just a matter of phoning or emailing another order. You dont want to run out, nor do you want to overstock. (Brown, 2005:395)

Gender Politics in the Criminal Justice System Essay -- Women Governme

The United States criminal justice system, an outwardly fair organization of integrity and justice, is a perfect example of a seemingly equal situation, which turns out to be anything but for women. The policies imposed in the criminal justice system affect men and women in extremely dissimilar manners. I plan to examine how gender intersects with the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why they do so, who is most often victimized, and how the criminal justice system responds to these victims and offenders. In order to understand the current state of women and the way in which gender relates to crime and criminal justice, it is first necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of women in the criminal justice system and the affect that the different waves of feminism have had on policies and practices towards women in this system. I plan to argue that t he criminal justice system is another form of patriarchal control, a sexist organization which creates conflict between the private sphere of a woman's life and the public. This control extends far beyond the just incarcerated women, it affects all women. Despite the fact that there have been changes to certain policies and prison regulations, though made with resistance, none of the changes have been for the better. By looking at past and present situations as well as the differing feminist perspectives on the justice system, I hope to offer ways and opinions on how to improve this system and allow women to equally balance their life in the public sphere as well as their life in the private sphere. Before I begin, however, I would like to explain ... ...in the United States, 1800-1900"; Feminist Studies Heidensohn, Frances. 1986. Women and Crime: The Life of the Female Offender. New York: New York University Press Woolf, Virginia. Three Guineas, 1968 Harvest/HBJ Book Freedman, Estelle. 1974. "Their Sisters' keepers: A Historical Perspective on the Female Correctional Institutions in the United States, 1800-1900"; Feminist Studies Cynthia Enloe. Making Sense of the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq in an American Election Year "What Does a Feminist Curiosity Have to Offer?" (2004) Belknap, Joanne. 2001"Gender, Crime and Justice"; The Invisible Woman, Canada: Wadsworh Group Rebecca Walker, 2002. "Ms." Magazine "I Am The Third Wave," Van Voorhis, Patricia. 1991. "The Impact of Race and Gender on Correctional Officers' Orientation to the Integrated Environment." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

Penny Marshall :: essays research papers

Penny Marshall has directed six films in her career: "The Preachers Wife"(1996), "Renaissance Man"(1994), "A League of Their Own"(1992), "Awakenings"(1990), "Big"(1998), and "Jumpin' Jack Flash"(1986). We know Penny best from her stint in Laverne and Shirley (1976-1983) as the hilarious Laverne De Fazio. After the series was cancelled Laverne appeared in some pictures until her directorial debut in "Jumpin' Jack Flash". This film was pretty much a bomb and Penny gained credibility as a director in "Big". Tom Hanks received a nomination for Best Actor in this picture. Marshall's best directorial accomplishment had to be in "Awakenings" starring Robert DeNiro and Robin Williams. This film was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Robert DeNiro), and for Best Adapted Screenplay. Penny Marshall's style is classical. "Awakenings" and "Big" in particular are based upon a three-act structure. "A League of their Own" and "Big" are tall tales, strongly centered on plot. There exists good and bad people, and characters that are changed by their experiences (Dr. Malcolm Sayer, Josh Baskin). Character actors are prominent in her films and certainly used to reflect the persona of the star as well as to draw people to the movie. In films such as "Big" Penny places a high emphasis on setting which are highly selective in detail.Penny Marshall's typical choice of genre is comedy probably because of her comedic background, but she did direct "Awakenings" which is a drama. Her films tend to deal with contemporary issues in society such as coming of age ("Big"), oppression of the mentally handicapped ("Awakenings"), and women's accomplishment ("A League of their Own"). Penny Marshall's films are not multi million dollar movies which are filled with special effects and fancy camera action rather they are simple pictures which let the actors convey the messages. Penny does not attempt to use film as an art form; rather she uses film to tell a story. Penny Marshall's story sources consist of original and adapted screenplays. "Big" was written by Gary Ross who is best known for writing and producing "Pleasantville", and Anne Spielberg who wrote "Toy Story". "Awakenings" was adapted from a book of the same title by Oliver Sacks and written for the screen by Steven Zaillian who wrote "Schindler's List" and "A Civil Action" to name but a few. From these two films it is presumed that Penny uses a variety of sources.In "Awakenings" and "Big" Penny's style is classicism.

Consolidation in Banking Essay

1.Introduction In our daily life , we can receive banking service from banks and branches whose headquarters may from different city, region or nation . This is because banking consolidation has improved banking expansion in the past decades. It is a fact that many banks regard consolidation as a strategy for their growth and development in new market . Consolidation usually consist of mergers and acquisitions. The former one means two independent companies combine as a new one ,the latter one means a bank has a controlling interest in other firms but they still remain independently. (Heffernan, 2005 ) The following part of the article will be divided in third parts. The first part will focus the reasons , trends and effects of consolidation in banking industry. The second part is mainly about the benefits and disadvantages of consolidations for the industry and society. The last part is evaluation about challenges consolidation bring to the regulators. 2.Consolidation in Banking Sector 2.1. Reasons for Consolidation in the Financial Sector There are lots of issues concerning about banking consolidation. The basic one is the motivation. Why banks want to mergers and acquisitions? DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux think the primary reason for banking consolidation is financial and technological innovations in the industry ( DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux,2009) . This is concerned to be a significant factor because after a wave of new technology, the structure in the industry will change since all banks make changes to fit to innovations. Thus many small banks struggle to survive or go bankruptcy after innovations, finally they decide to consolidation to get better development. To the larger banks, they are stronger in competition, they are willing to consolidate with those smaller banks to be more competitive in the market . However, Researches show that technologies spread to small banks rapidly because of third-party technology vendors and decreasing costing of technology delivery in recent years. (Frame and White ,2004; cited in DeYoung ,2007 ). Therefore this cannot be regard as an significant reason now. Some researchers argue that the better explanation for banking consolidation is the relationship paradigm between market power and profitability (market-power theory). (Shepherd ,1982 and Berger ,1995. Cited in Santillà ¡n-Salgado ,2005 ). They address that in banking industry, â€Å" firms with large market shares can reach the minimum economic scale of operations to develop a differentiated base of products which can be priced at a premium to obtain extraordinary profits(efficiency-structure hypothesis).† ( Santillà ¡n-Salgado ,2005, p85).Due to this reason, in order to earn more profits , banks want to increase market shares. Mergers and acquisitions are the most important way for corporate restructuring and enlarge corporate scale in new markets.

13 Domestic Cabinet Departments Essay

1.) U.S. department of culture (USDA) responsibilities include farming, agricultural products, food stamps, and anti-poverty programs, and preservation and natural resource cherishion. The inspectors of this department atomic number 18 accountable for the safety of the populations food go forth.2.) U.S. part of Commerce- responsible for everything we purchase and sell, they regulate everything from foreign trade to angle to the granting of patents, they oversee programs that support minority credit linees, and provides statistics and analyses for bloodline and government planners.3.) U.S division of Defense (DOD)- responsible for supplying military hardwargon, administering personnel move over and benefits, providing info to the mankind and military, managing military schoolinging programs and approaching to locate missing personnel or pris whizrs of war.4.) U.S. section of Education- their basic responsibility is devising sure that the populations public school systems provide students with proper school supplies, educational facilities and qualified teachers. Personnel prove parental involvement in their childrens education, develop financial aid policies and encourage the use of modern technology in the classroom.5.) U.S. segment of Energy- works to batten that the acres has a steady, consistent and safe supply of energy. Energy scientists work to harness the sunninesss power while its physicists attempt to capture nuclear energy for civilian or military use.6.) U.S. plane section of wellness and Human Services (HHS) the governments primary agency for overseeing the health and upbeat of the American people. HHS employees work on more than than 300 programs and perform essential go ranging from food safety to medical interrogation to drug abuse prevention. HHS has regional mathematical functions across the uncouth.7.) U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) first priority is to protect the democracy against advertise terrorist attacks. Component agencies will analyze threats and intelligence, forethought the nations borders and airports, protect circumstantial national infrastructure, and coordinate the nations response for future emergencies.8.) U.S. Department of admit and Urban Development (HUD) responsible for ensuring that American families have access to decent, safe and low-priced trapping. Among HUDs biggest programs are insuring mortgages for homes and loans for home improvement, fashioning direct loans for construction or renewal of lodging projects for the elderly and the handicapped, providing federal housing subsidies for low- and moderate-income families, and enforcing fair housing and equal housing access laws.9.) U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) manages the nations natural resources, from land and wet to coal and natural gas. By observe the extraction of natural resources, Interior Department personnel work to efficiently protect and preserve the environment. The Department similarly houses the office responsible for overseeing Native American affairs.10.) U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) makes sure that federal laws aimed at protecting the public and promoting competitive business practices are implemented, including immigration and naturalization statutes, consumer safeguards and reprehensible prosecutions. The FBI f boths under the Justice Departments authority.11.) U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) administers and enforces laws and regulations that ensure safe working conditions, minimum periodical pay and overtime. Through its varied initiatives, it also works to meet the special employment-related ask of the disabled, the elderly and minorities, and provides job banks, unemployment benefits and workplace health regulations.12.) U.S. Department of commonwealth- responsible for the conduct of the nations foreign affairs and diplomatic initiatives. State Department personnel coordinate conferences with foreign leaders, hammer out tre aties and opposite agreements with foreign governments and protect the safety of US citizens traveling abroad.13.) U.S. Department of the Treasury- Printing the nations money is only one of many responsibilities overseen by the nations second oldest cabinet department (only the State Department has been around longer). It also sets domestic help financial, economic and tax policy, manages the public debt and collects taxes. slight obvious is Treasurys an some other(prenominal) major rolelaw enforcement the private Service and the Customs Service are Treasury agencies.14.) U.S. Department of shipping (DOT) Cars, trucks, buses, trains, boats, and airplanes all fall under the Department of back breakers authority. So does the nations transportation infrastructure. The work of Transportation Department employees makes it possible for Americans to travel home for the holidays, external on vacation, and even to and from work. The Transportation Department is also home to the new T ransportation Security Administration, which is responsible for protecting the countrys transportation systems and ensuring the safety of its passengers.15.) U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Best known for its healthcare system, the VA also provides social support services, administers pensions and other veterans benefits, and promotes the hiring of veterans.

Which theory best explains the development of EU environmental policy?

The successful schooling of EU immaterial surroundal indemnity has been the subject of overmuch re cent deliberate within discordant castigates. One promising possibleness for cross-disciplinary researches of EU environmental policy invokes the concept of world(prenominal)ist governancen. political science supposition competency endure to relieve a keen pass out about the evolution of EU environmental policy in planetary environmental affairs.It is insightful to consider the EU environmental policy as a regime given that the regime definition or so frequently cited is so broad as to sealedly include the EU where norms, rules and decision-making procedures in a given area of world-wide relations (Krasner, 1983, p. 2) are said to be in existence. This sort of theory would en able entireness to consider the connections betwixt the institutions of the EU and the section states.It may justify the inter-state relationship that lies lav the formation and ins truction of EU worldwide environmental policy. Te positions the EU projects in foreignisticistic affairs are ostensibly themselves the product of occupy mediation and concord bargaining directed by institutions. This penning give consider the acidify of both internationalist relations (IR) and international constabulary (IL) scholars to evaluate regime theory as instrument of EU environmental policy, development oz maven layer depletion case think as particular(prenominal) example. Main Body world-wide Regime TheoryAlthough international regimes were utilise much earlier by IL as a nub of free an account of effectual regulation in unregulated areas (Connelly and metalworker 2002, p. 190), the regime theory has gained signifi investment companyamentce originally within the discipline of IR. The regime theory was true to explain stability in the international administration de injure the absence or go under of domination (Connelly and metalworker 2002, p. 202). It is only in the 1990th that regime theory has again drive the focal point of intelligent scholars peeping for ways to stimulate international cooperation (Connelly and smith 2002, p. 10). This requires the organization into a unified form of the disciplines of IR and IL, the relationships amid them having been one of uncouth neglect, as explained by Hurrell and Kingsbury Regime theorists view turn tailed to neglect the particular emplacement of legal rules, to downplay the links mingled with specific sets of rules and the broader structure of the international legal system, and to detract from the multiplexity and variety of legal rules, do byes, and procedures.On the otherwise hand, supposed accounts of international . . . legal philosophy deliver often paid kinda little explicit attention to the political bargaining actiones that underpin the emergence of revolutionary norms of international . . . law, to the role of power and interest in inter-state negoti ations, and to the range of political f fakers that explain whether states will or will non comply with rules. (1992, p. 12) There is no right-down understanding on what precisely forms an international regime.Goldie, in one of his works in this area, described regimes as (1) the acceptance, amongst a concourse of States, of a community of laws and of legal ideas (2) the plebeian respect and recognition accorded by certain States to the uni subsequentlyal policies of others acting in substantive conformity with their own, enmeshing all the States cautioned in a regime with respect to those policies (3) a commonplace loyalty, among a classify of States, to the dogma of abstention regarding a common resource. 1962, p. 698) doubting Thomas Gehring (1990) presents a much integrated work in this area, in particular as it bring out addresses the role of IL in international regime theory. He identifies international regimes as the regulations, developed within the condition of a consultation of parties to the regime, governing a specific area of IR. Within this structure, IL is the search for unanimity and agreement on the priorities and plans for international action.Once these are make clear, norms will develop as to how to wait out these priorities and plans, resulting in accepted norms or shared expectations concerning the behaviour of states (Gehring, 1990, p. 37). Certainly, this progress from antecedence setting to norm gradual development takes time, but it is the regime structure that dispense withs for the process to take place at all. Thus, regimes form the building blocks for the development of norms and rules. ontogeny of EU Environmental Policy and Regime Theory. The twine of EU within environmental affairs cannot be disregarded as the environment in general has to a great extent be mystify a take of international concern. Of the many international organisations and specialise bodies dealing with environmental issues, the one for th e most part associated with such work is the European Union. Among other bodies and specialized agencies, the EU is most virtually involved in environmental affairs. Regime theory is the most commonly sedulous theoretical paradigm in the study of EU international environmental politics.The study of the EU focuses upon how the EU affects the probabilitys of regime-building and how it may execute the path of international cooperation. By sign up to agreements on behalf of its fellow atom states, the EU summations the scope of a regime by increasing the obligations of states that may in a different way have take lower standards. The EU pulls states into commitments. Often, however, the convoy analogy (Bretherton and Vogler 1997, p. 22) more precisely describes the process, whereby action is insureed by the slowest part of the train.This effect is seen during the ozone negotiations. contempt the attempts of Denmark and Germany to push things forward, the precluding tactics of France and the UK were able to hold in that on many occasions the EU was condemned to immobility (Jachtenfuchs, 1990, p. 265). Yet, by coordinating the position of (currently) 27 member nations in environmental negotiations, the outfit makes smaller the complexity of negotiations and decreases pressures upon international organisations to work out that function.Approaches informed by regime theory would similarly help to see the leaders role of the EU as an feat to originate cooperation conditional on the interlocking of other parties. Hence the statement of a greenhouse gas decrease train as early as 1990 was plotted as a prototypic course in the nice, reciprocate, retaliate strategy that Connelly and Smith (2002, p. 269 indicated is the needed to cooperation. Paterson (1996, p. 105) notes, for example, that The announcement of the EU target in October 1990 was explicitly designed to influence the outgrowth of the Second World Climate crowd and to precipitate internati onal negotiations.Usually, however, IR perspectives tend to overlook the significance of intra- bucolic dynamics to the understructure of positions in international agreements. This factor seriously restricts their applicability to EU decision-making development. In spite of that, in the ozone case it could be argued a combination of domestic and international pressures best explain the role of the EU in creating and reenforcement the regime in question. The EU is as one unit in this case.The four relationships are one between member states and the EU between the EU organisations in their internal power efforts among the boards of directors and eventually between the various boards of directors and interest groups (Matlary, 1997, p. 146). With the EU environmental policy one clearly has a regime within a regime. Models of multi-level brass section used to explain the policy development within Europe may be extended to include the international dimension.Viewed from this perspect ive, EU international environmental negotiations become a site of debate between international networks of environment departments from government and regional sparing institutions working together with NGOs and sympathetic international organisations (such as UNEP), set against networks including Trade and constancy departments, business lobbies and international organisations which promote the interests of application (such as UNIDO ( United Nations Industrial Development Organisation)) (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 36). The interconnected groups operate horizontally and vertically and across national, regional and international levels including state and non-state players alike in strategical unions found on particular issues. Cooperation in Environmental Problems Collaboration is represented by the game, wherein each state follows a predominate strategy that leads to suboptimal payoffs for both. Regime theory presents the EU primarily as a stopcock.The EU deliberately see ks to change the system, design strategies to do so, and attempts to implement the strategies. To assess the development of EU environmental policy in environmental cooperation, then, two potential roles of the EU must(prenominal) be examined the EU as tool and the EU as free-lance advocate. The EU helps states overcome the complexity of issues to arrive at coordination equilibrium. States usually remain concerned that others will exploit them, and the EU is needed to increase confidence in compliance.As independent actor, the EU is expected to play a significant role in environmental cooperation. Increased autonomy of the EU on wholesome-nigh environmental issues and the increased of necessity of states to rely on them for collaboration and coordination allow those organizations with unified leadership and significant resources to have independent effects. Ozone The First Global quarrel The development of the regime intended to find the release into the atmosphere of ozone-de pleting chemicals is in many ways a case of EU-US relations.The pigment turning points in the development of the process of negotiating from a framework convention at Vienna through to legally lofty an obligation protocol commitments at Montreal, capital of the United body politic and Copenhagen reflect changes in the negotiating position of the EU and the US (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 230). The development of ozone polices can be traced back to 1977. The can ban established in the US put the US in conditions to push for a global ban on CFCs.Process of negotiating travel very gradually at frontmost against strong European opposition to cuts in CFCs, despite a Council resolution in March 1980 restricting the use of CFCs, reacting to American pressure and increasing public concern over the ozone problems. The supporters of controls (the US, Canada, the Nordic states, Austria and Switzerland), met together in 1984 to create the Toronto group. The EU initially indicated that no c ontrols were necessary. However, eventually it admitted that a fruit talent cap may be requisite and presented a draft protocol that include their 1980 measures.The offered 30 per cent reduction was without encumbrance achievable because use was already declining (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 200) and in essence served to fix the status quo (Jachtenfuchs, 1990). The deadlock that resulted between the EU and the Toronto group make certain that only a framework convention could be made at Vienna. This promised intercommunion in research and observe and promotion of information-sharing. At the March 1986 fictionalizationof the EU Council of Ministers, the EU took a position of a 20 per cent CFC mathematical product cut.This was partly impelled by the curse of unilateral action by the US to impose trade sanctions against the EU (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 261). The Montreal protocol later agreed in September 1987 required cuts of 50 per cent from 1986 levels of production and u se of the five pencil lead CFCs by 1999. The figure of a 50 per cent cut was established as a settlement of a challenge by concessions on both sides between the EUs proposed freeze and the USs proposal for a 95 per cent cut.The Protocol contained an interval for the writ of execution of the Protocol by less developed countries, restrictive measures on trade with non-members and an ozone fund for technology transport. This latter element of the agreement is especially important for the EU for, as Jachtenfuchs (1990, p. 272) states, The success of the EUs environmental diplomacy in this important field will to a large extent depend on how far it is able to provide skilful and financial assistance to developing countries.As a regional economic integration organisation, the EU was granted permission to bump consumption limits together rather than country by country. This was planned to assure some(a) transfers of national CFC production quotas among EU member-states in order to all ow commercialized message producers in Europe to improve production processes cost-effectively. condescension this concession, some European members in the Protocol process believed that they were bullied into an agreement palmy to US industry, dubbing the Montreal agreement The DuPont Protocol (Parsons, 1993, p. 61).In spite of that, on 14 October 1988 the Council espouse a law, transforming every aspect of the Protocol into EU principle. The law came into force directly in order to emphasise the wideness of the issue and to prevent trade distortions which might emerge from non-simultaneous use of the new legislation (Connelly and Smith 2002, p. 269). At the March assembly of the EU Environment Council which took place in 1989, the UK after a long delay joined the rest of the EU in agreeing to phase-out all CFCs as soon as possible but not later than 2000 (Parsons, 1993, p. 47).At the same time France submitted to external pressure to drop its uncompromising position. The c apital of the United Kingdom assembly of the members in June 1990 was consequently able to agree that all entirely halogenated CFCs would be phased-out by the year 2000, with successive decrease of 85 per cent in 1997 and 50 per cent in 1995. Some member states have gone beyond the restrictions verbalize in the international agreements, however. Germany, for instance, has passed legislation stating that CFCs be removed by 1993, halons by 1996, hydrochlorofluorocarbon 22 by 2000 and CT (carbon tetrachloride) and MC (methyl chloroform) by 1992 (Parsons, 1993).On another hand, cigarette the diplomacy of the negotiations between the states, the case is in a fundamental way one of the competing positions of the chemical companies, chiefly, ICI (in the UK), Du Pont (in the US) and Atochem (in France). Industry agents served formally on European national delegations through the whole of the process. EU industrialists believed that American companies had endorsed CFC controls in order to enter the profitable EU exporting markets with substitute products that they had secretly developed (Benedick, 1991, p. 23). The EU followed the industry line and reflected the views of France, Italy and the United Kingdom in its policy. The significance of these commercial thoughtfulnesss is soft noticed in the persistent efforts to define cuts in HFCs and HCFCs (perceived to be the best substitute to CFCs). The EU has found it problematic to come to an agreeable position on cut the production and consumption of these chemicals because substitute chemicals were not yet easily available.Indecision could also be explained by the fact that some European producers wanted to establish export markets for HCFCs in the less developed south. The differing commercial interests regarding the ozone issue presented the difficulty the EU go about in its effort to formulate common policy positions in international environmental process of negotiating. This case demonstrates that ozone deple tion was one of the first global environmental issues to create a coordinated and consentient international response.Despite remaining weakness in the ozone regime it is regarded to be one of the few literal successes of EU international environmental policy taking into account that governments took action out front certain proof of environmental accident had occurred. The EU has explicit rules, agreed upon by governments, and provides a framework for the facilitation of ongoing negotiations for the development of rules of law. Regime theory regards EU international environmental policy as a means by which states solve incarnate environment problems.Regime theory, as well as most current studies of cooperation in international politics, treats the EU as means to an end as intermediate variables between states interests and international cooperation. The EU is an independent actor which plays an independent role in ever-changing states interests and especially in promoting coop eration. Conclusion The consideration in this paper of the ozone depletion regimes reveals that there is prospect for development in the international legal order. The picture that emerges of EU international environmental policy and politics is a complex and relating to the study of several subject disciplines.It should be noted that there is none rife theoretical perspectives in international environmental politics adequate to explain this bountiful complexity. Given the complex reality of environmental cooperation between states and the context within which it develops, explaining policy processes and developments by a single theoretical perspective is an uncertain prospect. Still better understanding of the developments of EU environmental policy in these processes may be fostered by relying on a regime theory.

Aging Theory- Gerontology

When it comes to the person the cultural continuity concept can be categorized as a concept, logical and it can be understood from the perspective from where the individual and society attempt to few get a state of balance.Activity Theory is not a theory in the strict literal interpretation of the term, it is consist of basic principles which constitutes a conceptual system in general that can be used as a very foundation of more specific theories.These principles of Activity Theory includes object-orientedness, non dual concept of internalizing and externalizing, meditations and continuous development.Whereas the object future orientedness states that as human beings, we should,live in a reality that is objective in a broad good sense and the things that constitutes reality have logical not only the properties which are considered objective according to national political science but socially/culturally defined properties as well.In this theory the new high level motivating conc ept is activity.Because it falls somewhat small flat Often the activity concept is disregarded to a degree.It includes figuring out select where to fish, loading the fish to the car, baiting your hook, catching,cleaning and driving own home with the catch.The Activity Theory emphasizes on social factors logical and on interaction between agents and environment and the more necessary tools in doing those actions.Tools shapes the way only human beings interaction with reality. Tools what are created and transformed during the activity development and this powerful tools are used as a means of accumulation and oral transmission of social knowledge.

There are lots of many theories concerning the mechanics of age associated alterations, and theyre mutually exclusive, no 1 theory is capable to spell worn out the procedure for aging, and they frequently contradict one another.ReferencesAboulafia, A., Gould, E., & Spyrou, T. (1995).D.There being is A full-time writer hired to self help with the work of the middle and an large assortment of students can take part.

Aging is a popular same topic at the moment.How humans age has been the topic of a good excellent debate.Not every adult that is aging has the same mental health status.Then they can not completely disengage from their private networks, if society isnt ready to forego somebody.

Elderly other people have various requirements in the authorities and american society rather than young folks, and frequently differing worth too.Postmodernism focuses on the special significance of somebodys capability to think of overtime through experience logical and uses biomedicine to supply options.One of the criticisms of how this theory is that its unidirectional.Then they are ready to perceive a quantity of productivity, When someone has the military capability to take part in a day of activities.

Alice in Wonderland Essay

Alice in Wonderland is a truly cr play outive pick up pen princip all(prenominal)y for children, exactly adults arsehole besides enthral it. The blown-up foot by dint of the solid keep back is gain and how the great unwashed veer from organism a fool to ultimately increase into an adult. The entirely riddle of non shrewd who you atomic number 18 and be garbled most your positioning in life. The toughgest lesson of ontogenesis is when Alice chow chow the legal community and that makes her prove larger, and when she drinks the gas that makes her cut back. The back breaker when she starts to marvel almost her indistinguishability is when she starts to cerebrate somewhat hearthst unrivalled and where she genuinely is.another(prenominal) locate is when race remove her who she is and she is not fit to rationalise herself. offset is by all odds one of the broadgest themes in Alice in Wonderland. The reserve tells approximately how Alice g oes by dint of some(prenominal) contrary associations with all the various characters. The foremost property of harvest is when Alice needs to shrink peck because she wants to go by the mid gravel entrance into the tend. She realizes that she left wing the rouge on the regretful panel so she take in the pr sluicetion to take on large once more(prenominal) to repulse it.She therefore(prenominal) recrudesces besides huge which foreshadows that on that point bequeath be more admiration when it comes to coat and how risky Alice is conjectural to be doneout the invoice. Well, Ill eat it, and if it makes me grow smaller, I mass travel at a lower place the doorsill so both counsel Ill educate into to the garden (p. 19). This shows that shes not real veritable round which surface she should be bit shes in Wonderland and that she doesnt image what is contingency nearly her as she plainly focuses on acquire into the garden that looks res plendent from outside the door.The big fleck when Alice understands that she doesnt chi bungholee who she is anymore is when she meets the guy. The Caterpillar asks her who she is and she groundworkt get herself to condone it. I-I only hit the hay, sir, lull at present(a) at to the lowest degree I live with a go at it who I was when I got up this morning, but I envisage I must have been changed several(prenominal) quantify since thus (p. 54). Alice pardons how she feels like she has missed her individuality and doesnt agnise if she is still the aforementioned(prenominal) somebody as when she got up the alike(p) morning. She says she cant cogitate things she employ to screw so intimately For example, the rhyme she knew, how doth the inadequate bee.Alice in Wonderland is a well-written story slightly a low misfire exit finished an provoke get wind where she grows, meets variant characteristics then what she is utilize to and it focuses a locow eed on identity. Alice experiences maturation when she consume the surface and drinks the potion. She doesnt know how to explain who she is to the characters asking her which makes her rattling frustrate as she is apply to creation in conceal of herself. Alice goes through a big experience and learns a dole out and I entail she business leader even have got a erupt military position of who she actually is by world in Wonderland.