Physio Cardio Lab Report Answers Essay

1. Explain how the body establishes a pressure gradient for fluid flow. Pressure gradient is the flow rate of a liquid through a pipe. This is directly proportional to the difference between the pressures at the two ends of the pipe and inversely proportional to the pip’s resistance. The pressure gradient is directly dependent upon blood vessel radius which essentially controls blood flow. The bigger the blood vessel radius, the more blood flow or fluid flow. The smaller blood vessel radius, the lesson blood or fluid flow. 2. Explain the effect that the flow tube radius change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Flow tube radius change has a direct effect on flow rate. As evidenced in this lab, when flow tube radius was increased, the flow rate was also increased. They are directly proportional. As evidenced from the text, when flow tube radius increases in a blood vessel, the flow rate is much more free flowing and flows a lot quicker as the radius is increased. When starting with 1.5mm of radius, the flow was very slow, yet when increased to 2mm, 3mm, and eventually to 5mm, the flow within the blood vessel incrementally increased. 3. Describe the effect that radius changes have on the laminar flow of a fluid. Laminar Flow is defined as the free-flowing blood in the middle of the vessel. Radius change is directly proportional on laminar flow. In a constricted vessel, proportionately more blood is in contact with the vessel wall and there is less laminar flow, significantly diminishing the rate of blood flow in the vessel, yet if the vessel is more dilated, or the radius is increased, more blood flow is able to get in, thus increasing the blood  flow. The bigger the radius, the more laminar flow of fluid. 4. Why do you think the plot was not linear? (Hint: look at the relationship of the variables in the equation). How well did the results compare with your prediction? If the variables are radius on the X-axis and flow rate on the Y-axis, the experiment called for the experimenter to incrementally increase the radius and plot the results. As we know, radius is directly proportional to flow rate in that as the radius increases so does the flow rate, therefore, the plotted graph has to be linear. If one increases, so does the other going in a straight line! Activity 2 Questions: 1. Describe the components in the blood that affect viscosity? The components in the blood that affect viscosity are the presences of plasma proteins and formed elements such as white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets. When these formed elements and plasma proteins in the blood slide past one another, there is an increase in the resistance to flow. 2. Explain the effect that the viscosity change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Viscosity is defined as the thickness or stickiness of a fluid. In regards to flow rate, they are inversely comparable and thus as you increase viscosity or the â€Å"thickness† of the blood, the flow rate decreases. As seen in the graph, increasing the viscosity inversely decreases the flow rate each time you increased it by 1. 3. Describe the graph of flow versus viscosity. As evidenced in the graph, the constants in this experiment were radius,  length, and pressure. The variables were flow rate and viscosity. The y axis represented flow rate and the x axis represented viscosity. As viscosity increased, the flow rate decreased causing a linear or inverse curve relationship going down. 4. Discuss the effect that polycythemia would have on viscosity and on blood flow. Polycythemia is a condition in which excess red blood cells are present. We learned earlier that an increase in red blood cells results in an increase in blood viscosity. An increase in blood viscosity directly affects blood flow, in that blood flow would decrease. Thus, the presence of polycythemia would inversely affect blood flow rate by decreasing it. Activity 3 Questions: 1. Which is more likely to occur, a change in blood vessel radius or a change in blood vessel length? A change in blood vessel radius is more like to occur because blood vessel length only increases as we grow into maturity and in adulthood blood vessel lengths stay constant. The only possibility of blood vessel length changing is when we gain or lose weight. Through the process of vasodilation, or the smoothing of the blood vessel muscle, you can change the radius of the vessel more frequently. 2. Explain the effect that the change in blood vessel length had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Blood vessel length, when increased causes more friction or resistance thus making it more difficult for blood to flow through the vessel. In summation, increasing blood vessel length inversely effects flow rate but decreasing flow rate. My prediction was that an increase in blood vessel length would inversely effect blood flow. As evidenced in this experiment, with the increase of the blood vessel length, there was a decrease in blood flow. 3. Explain why you think blood vessel radius can have a larger effect on the body that changes in blood vessel length. In the blood flow equation (as seen to the right), blood flow is directly proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius. Dramatic changes happen in regards to blood flow because of small changes in blood vessel radius. The smaller the blood vessel radius, the greater the resistance. Blood vessel radius is the single most important factor in determining blood flow resistance. 4. Describe the effect that obesity would have on blood flow and why. As referenced from this experiment, weight, either gain or loss effects blood vessel length. A change in blood vessel length can only be altered through the gain or loss of weight. As evidenced in this experiment, when blood vessel length is increased as a result of weight gain, there is greater resistance or friction within the vessel making blood flow through that vessel more difficult thus decreasing blood flow. Obesity different effect blood flow in that, there are increased blood vessel lengths, causing greater friction or resistance within the vessel and a decrease in blood flow. Activity 4 Questions: 1. Explain the effect that pressure changes had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction. Pressure changes have a profound effect on flow rate. As pressure increases, flow rate also increases. They are directly proportional. In regards to my prediction, I predicted that as pressure increased, so would flow rate. 2. How does the plot differ from the plots for tube radius, viscosity, and tube length? How well did the results compare with your prediction. The plot for pressure in linear in that, an increase in pressure is directly proportional to flow rate. It was a perfectly straight line upwards as pressure increased. In regards to the plot for tube radius, it was very similar in that results were more curve shaped but went in the same directly upward. As vessel radius increased so did flow rate. In regards to viscosity, they were drastically different, as viscosity increased, the rate of flow decreased because there was more resistance. In regards to tube length, this is drastically different than pressure because with an increase in tube length, there is a decrease in rate of flow because there is more resistance within the vessel itself. After learning that vessel radius is the greatest factor in regards to flow rate, I predicted that with an increase in pressure there would also be an increase in flow rate. 3. Explain why pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow. Pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow because it could place more stress on the heart (which causes the initial pressure) and requires the heart to change its force of contraction. The blood vessels need time to respond to that change in force as well as the large arteries around the heart. It required for them to have more tissue in their tunics to accommodate the heart and it’s increase of force. Plus, the best way to control blood flow, as seen from these experiments is through increasing vessel radius. 4. Use you data to calculate the increase in flow rate in ml/min/mm Hg. In this experiment, radius, viscosity, and length remained constant, and pressure and flow rate were the variables. I started off with a pressure of 25 mm Hg and the flow rate was 35mm/min. As I increase the pressure by 25 mm Hg each time, the flow rate increased by about 35 mm/min each time. Activity 5 Questions: 1. Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, resistance, and pump rate. Increasing the right flow tube radius is directly proportional to increasing flow rate. As evidenced in other experiments, increasing tube radius decreases resistance thus increasing flow rate. In addition, as the right flow tube radius increased, so did the pump rate. Each time that I increased the right flow tube radius by .5mm, the pump rate increased as did the flow rate because of the decrease in resistance. 2. Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the human heart. The left beaker represents the side of the heart where blood is pumped through the lungs to the opposite side of the heart. The right beaker represents the side of the heart that delivers blood to the system of the body. 3. Briefly describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure. The human heart compensates for flow rate changes by altering heart rate, stroke volume or resistance. If resistance decreases, heart rate can increase to maintain the pressure difference. If resistance is decreasing, there is an increase in flow rate. Activity 6 Questions: 1. Describe the Frank-Starling law in the heart. The Frank-Starling law in the heart refers to when more than the normal volume of blood is returned to the heart by the venous system. In this process, the heart is stretched which results in a more forceful contraction of the ventricles. This causes more than normal amounts of blood to be ejected by the heart which raises stroke volume. 2. Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume. Why do you think this occurred? How well did the results compare with your prediction? When you increase the stroke volume, there is an inverse decrease in pump rate, even though there is a constant amount of flow that results. This is directly the opposite of my predictions, yet I learned that the reason why pump rate decreases when stroke volume increases is because the heart intrinsically alters stroke volume to accommodate changes in preload or during the period where the ventricles are stretched by the end diastolic volume. Stroke volume is also controlled by the strength and force of contractility of the heart. 3. Describe how the heart alters stroke volume? The heart alters stroke volume by altering the pump volume or the contractility. By altering the contractility, you are altering the strength of the cardiac muscle contraction and its ability to generate force. 4. Describe the intrinsic factors that control stroke volume. The intrinsic factors that control stroke volume are heart rate and cardiac output. Total blood flow is proportional to cardiac output. Thus, when the stroke volume decreases, the heart rate music increase to maintain cardiac output. Yet, when stroke volume increases, the heart rate must decrease to maintain cardiac output. Activity 7 Questions: 1. Explain how the heart could compensate for changes in peripheral resistance. The heart can compensate for changes in peripheral resistance by decreasing blood viscosity and through adjusting the force of contraction of the heart. Increasing contractility or forcing contraction of the heart combats afterload and blood flow resistance. Increasing contractility will increase cardiac output by increasing stroke volume. 2. Which mechanism had the greatest compensatory effect? How well did the results compare with your prediction? My prediction was that increasing the left flow tube radius would have the greatest impact in regards to blood flow into the right tube, but adjusting the force of contraction of the heart had the greatest compensatory effect on the flow of blood into the right beaker. 3. Explain what happened when the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same. How well did the results compare with your prediction? When the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same, the valve would not open because there was insufficient driving pressure to force fluid out of the pump. This was adverse to my prediction, where I predicted that there would be an increase of flow, but I was incorrect, in that nothing happened and there was no flow. 4. Explain whether it would be better to adjust heart rate or blood vessel diameter to achieve blood flow changes at a local level. I think that it would be better to adjust heart rate in order to achieve blood flow changes at a local level. Although the text and experiments have demonstrated that it is more effective to increase blood vessel diameter in order to increase the rate of flow within blood vessels, I think that exercise increases your heart rate which is directly linked to an increase in blood flow.

Quantitative Research Essay

Introduction Quantitative research has been a numerical representation as well as manipulation of the observations for the objective about describing and explaining phenomena, which these observations reflect (Babbie, 2007). This has been used in lot of natural as well as social sciences, which includes biology, physics, sociology, psychology as well as geology. Research project where quantitative research would be most appropriate Research is an orderly investigation of the subject matter for aim of adding to the knowledge. With-in realm of the educational planning, several things have been always changing like structures of education systems, curriculums as well as text-books, mode of teaching, techniques of teacher’s training, amount as well as kind of provision to the schools like science laboratory, furniture, text-books, class-room supply, and so on. Widely used way to classify educational research study is for defining different kinds of research according to the types of information which they give. There have been several kinds of education research studies as well as there have been number of ways, in which they can be classified. The studies can be classified according to the topic where-by specific phenomena which have being investigated are used for grouping the studies. In the research on problems have been concerned with the educational planning, major educational research question may be subsumed under the three quantitative research techniques like correlational, descriptive as well as causal. So in the education planning quantitative research would be most appropriate Quantitative research usually uses techniques that are adopted from physical sciences, which have been designed towards ensuring the reliability, generalizability as well as objectivity. Such techniques include the techniques in which the research participants have been selected one by one from study population in the un-biased manner, standardized questionnaire or the intervention that they receive as well as statistical techniques used for testing the pre-determined hypotheses in regard to relationships in between particular variables. Researchers have been considered external towards actual research as well as results have been expected so as to be replicable no matter which has conducted a research. Strengths of a quantitative paradigm have been that their techniques produce reliable as well as quantifiable data, which have been often generalizable towards little large population. Quantitative measures have been usually much proper to conduct the requirements assessments and for evaluations comparing the results with a baseline data. Five quantitative methods There have been different kinds of quantitative research. For example they may have been classified as the survey research, descriptive, correlational research, causal comparative research as well as experimental research. All the methods are having their own typical features. Survey Survey has been defined as the technique about collecting the standardized information through interviewing the representative sample about certain population. In many cases the surveys includes direct contact with a population in the investigations (Chanimal, 1996). Descriptive Descriptive research includes collecting the data so as to test the hypotheses and answer the questions relating to the present status of subjects of a study. Correlational Correlational research determines if and to what degree the relationship prevails in between 2 as well as more quantifiable variables. Cause comparative Causal comparative research often establishes cause-effect relationship as well as it also compares relationship however cause might not manipulated, like gender. Experimental Experimental research usually establishes cause-effect relationship as well as does a comparison however cause has been manipulated. Cause, is the independent variable which makes a difference. Effect, is the dependent variable which is based on independent variable. Most appropriate method Survey research has been general in studies of the health as well as health services. Term survey has been used in lot of methods however often it refers to a selection of the much larger sample of the people by the pre determined population, which is followed through collection of the much smaller amount of the data by these individuals. Thus researcher uses information by the sample about individuals towards making few inferences about a wider population. General problem with the quantitative methodologies Situation in which the quantitative research might fail is if we are willing to explore the problem in a depth. Any quantitative research has been good in giving the information in breadth by the larger no. of units. However, if we are willing to explore the problem as well as concept in a depth, the quantitative methods have too shallow. For actually getting in the phenomenon, we are required to go for the ethnographic techniques, the interviews, in depth case studies as well as other qualitative methods. Recommendations for fixing a problem What if we have been doing when we are willing to look at both the breadth as well as the depth, or at both the causality and the meaning? In such situations, this has been best for using the so called the mixed technique design in that we uses both the quantitative for instance, the questionnaire as well as the qualitative for instance, no. of the case studies techniques. Mixed technique research has been a flexible approach in which research design has been determined through what we require finding out than through any pre-determined epistemological positions. In the mixed technique research, the quantitative or the qualitative components may pre-dominate or both may have the equal status. Possible to Mix the Quantitative Methodologies Integrating the quantitative research techniques lends the depth as well as clarity towards the social marketing programs. The combination of approaches has been compulsory due to the wide range about the data required to develop the effective communications. But potential for the problems prevails while attempting towards combining a divergent research paradigm; one can end up through not doing either kind of the research well. Such an integrative approach thus needs the research team with an expertise in both kinds of techniques. Using the so many approaches may also be very time consuming, lot much labor intensive as well as expensive. Other obstacle that would probably change as the social marketing gains in the usage has been that combining the multiple techniques has been still not accepted lot much as the viable research strategy, minimum in the main-stream of the public health circles. Conclusion To conclude, this paper describes the research project in which the quantitative research might be most appropriate. There have been different kinds of quantitative research. For example, they have been classified as the survey research, correlational research, experimental research and causal comparative research as well as descriptive.

New York: A Carefree Expression of Freedom

NEW YORK Descriptive essay New York City is the place that I want to visit, revisit, and visit again. Out there on the streets, I feel free. When coming from New Jersey to New York City on the New Jersey Transit tTrain, which is grimy but comfortable, it is an experience unlike I have ever felt before. Crossing under the Hudson River and coming into the crammedjam-packed full station is reminiscent of having some kind of travel machine bringing you from earth to space in a flash. When I visited I felt like anything isn’t impossible .Living in the turks and caicos islands is a fantastic privilege; living in New York City is something further even better. As you stagger up those stairs to the city streets and you capture that first breath of city air, you declare to yourself, this is Freedom!!!!! The buildings are so astonishingly tall and eye-catching. I think to myself, there are so many buildings here I find it hard to believe that man is capable of putting them up, but on th e other hand also knocking them down. The buildings look like they had plunged from God's hands and landed in one spot, where else but in New York City.As I make my way down the city street, I feel overwhelmed by people walking and talking in scores of different languages. People with looks that I have never seen before. , Ppeople that look somewhat bizarre to me. Everyone is different in their ownere way of style. Let me tell you something, this big place called â€Å"New York† is the capital of all the new fashions and old fads. What styles I might find either peculiar or eccentric usually becomes what I start to copy in later years when it becomes starts being the local fashion of my town.What I am trying to say is that New York is the inventor of all invertors. I perceive New York City as a carefree expression of freedom. Most of today's new clothing styles are adopted from New York. People are so full of life and encouragement. No one judges the way you present yourself in this unrestricted environment. People in New York feel comfortable dressing and acting anyway that they care to. Everything there are so upscale and amazing but one thing that caught my attention is that all athough all these things were said theres no place like home

Risk Assessment and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Risk Assessment and Management - Essay Example Evaluation of the risk against strategic categories such as economical, social, environmental stimulations is also achieved in this essay. Risk management is the process of evaluating, mitigating and supervising the potential risk elements connected with the origin of a project. The success of an enterprise depends upon the lower level quantum of risk factors. The higher the risk the higher the loss and an uncertainty will ensue on the future of the project. Therefore risk management has got a virtual application and its style and approach together with strategies will be responsible for the accomplishment of any venture. Recognising the risk management is a multi-disciplinary field. The scientific and systematic skill and knowledge acquired from specialist institutes and associations, and practice and experience to increasingly broad and diverse set of risk factors connected with ventures of all types are required to handle the risk factors involved in a particular enterprise. In other words ability to identify and quantify the risks arising out of an inbuilt environment, with the help of risk analysis systems and tools to the management of risk, are necessary to evaluate and regulate the risk proximity related to a project. Formaldehyde (FA) FA is carcinogenic at the site of contact as a consequence of epithelial cell regenerative proliferation resulting from cytotoxicity and mutation (reviewed by Naya and Nakanishi 2005). In 2004 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that FA is a known human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence in humans and experimental animals (IARC 2004). The carcinogenic effect of FA is caused by prolonged regenerative cell proliferation associated with its cytotoxicity, which increases the number of DNA Risk Assessment and Management 5 replications and thus increases the probability of DNA-protein cross-link (DPX)-initiated replication errors (Liteplo and Meek 2003; Speit et al. 2000). Risk Assessment: Like most other substances formaldehyde is toxic in very high doses. But like Paracelsus said: the dose makes the poison. Formaldehyde is a natural metabolic intermediate and is produced by all living cells. 3 mg/kg of formaldehyde is the natural concentration in the blood of humans and mammals. In some cells of the human body, e.g. in the liver or in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa, concentrations of formaldehyde can reach up to 6-12 mg/kg. Studies show that indoor air levels of formaldehyde in houses and offices are nowadays at a safe level of below 0,1 ppm. Sensory irritation, that is eye and nose irritation, is first observed at levels of 1 ppm and higher. From both human

Outsourcing Information Technology Department Term Paper

Outsourcing Information Technology Department - Term Paper Example One concern that companies face today when deciding to outsource their entire IT departments is the amount of security needed to protect their product, their financial records, and their customers. Ken Wheatley, vice president of corporate security, Sony Electronics states, â€Å"People are so focused on saving money and shifting operations that they don't think about the safeguards that need to be put in place† (May 2005). Not all companies’ need the same type of security levels, which is a decision made based on the nature of the business. Wheatley also goes on to say, â€Å"U.S. based companies routinely underestimate the extra elements of risk introduced into the offshoring equation by issues such as poor infrastructure, political instability and legal systems that don't line up with Western practices.† Wheatley continues to say that American companies are so set on saving money that they do not realize other countries do not have the same mindset and safegua rds as we do†. While reviewing the aspects of outsourcing portions of the information technology (IT) department, task force managers measured the cost risk benefits of keeping its better run IT operations in-house. The IT department was divided into five sections, application development and maintenance, operations, database and systems administration, voice and data networking infrastructure, and technical training. A study was performed against each of these organizations regarding how they measured against industry leading outsource consulting companies. A baseline of criteria was established for measurement purposes that included the number of full-time salaried employees and annual salaries, number of years experience, employee educational achievements and certifications, and efficiency of the departmental workflow process. In addition, the business management teams consulted with several IT consulting companies to gather as much information as possible for the considere d outsource IT organizations.

Parents should not let their children spend much time watching Research Paper

Parents should not let their children spend much time watching television - Research Paper Example The debate on whether parents should or should not let their children append a lot of time watching TV carries much weight. This is in relation to how much beneficial or adverse extended periods of TV watching are to children and the likely effects to their later lives. As a result, we seek to find reasons as to why parents should not let their children spend too much time watching television, as well as some of the reasons why watching it is beneficial to children. Common arguments among those who are against children watching TV fall on morality. In this light morality carries issues of violence and risk assessment in regard to one’s behavior. The argument they place on the issue lays on the content aired on Television programs depicting the use of violence, and other violent acts, mild or severe, in resolution of conflicts between individuals and groups. This is in cases of religious violence that at times is aired blatantly by some radical organizations in a quest to incit e sympathizers to join them in their fight for goals they hold dear. In some movies and programs that are aired on TV, going by the name of action, tend to contain scenes of violence that are, at times, claimed to be justified. This is by having story lines that claim the perpetrator to have a genuine or righteous cause that should be seen to the end. The cause is usually on the lines of rescuing loved ones or fighting crime, quite literally. Owing to this, those that are against children watching TV claim that these negative behaviors and attitudes may get to their children. In addition, opposers of TV claim that images portrayed to children are not as simple as thought as they produce the opposite of the desired effect. This is in regard to showing children that there is no room for negotiation in wrongdoing and that violence is the only means of resolution of conflicts of interests should other means fail. This is in spite of other options having no chance to prove themselves in clearing controversial or volatile situations. Owing to such programming issues, the more time that a child spends watching TV translates to increased exposure to such rash concepts that adults engage in with little regard for the consequences. The other form of violence that children get exposure to is that of violence expressed towards women. Violence perpetrated against women on TV leads to poor images of women that remain etched in the young and innocent minds of children (Kahlor and Eastin 215). This occurs by labeling males as the dominant human in any situation, in the society. Therefore, to exercise their dominance, men maintain their dominance, when threatened, through violence creating a negative image of women. In addition, through violence directed at women, children gain a wrong perception that the only way to suppress women in their quest to gain an equal status as men is to subject them to acts of subordination. Such actions include sexual assault and sexual violence in the form of rape (Kahlor and Eastin 216). Opposers, in my opinion, therefore, have solid ground on this issue with backing from facts as evidence sustains their arguments In addition to their claims, violence on TV appears as a positive thing that is to be emulated in order to live a full and satisfying life. This is particularly so by using violence by TV stars to gain wealth and live a fulfilling life. Violence of this form and in such levels translates to poor relations with others, as what the child understands is how to use his or her physical strength to enforce decisions, or wishes. This way, children tend to exercise violent acts towards other children in the society and at school; which makes TV viewing a contributor to bad living (Facts for Families). On the moral issue of risk assessment, those that are against watching extended hours of TV for children due effects it has on their awareness of the experiences found in the world. They base this on the idea that, to make decisions on

The Benefits of Emergency Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

The Benefits of Emergency Manager - Assignment Example The roles are explained in detail below. Ethics include enforcing justice and fairness, doing no harm, confidentiality among others (Coppola, 2010). Include a reflective section with a focus on the WMDs; what you knew about bioterrorism, WMDs, and nuclear or radiological terrorism; what you wanted to know about WMDs; and what you learned through this entire process. I have not specialized much in the in-depth knowledge about the WMDs especially the radiological terrorism as well as bioterrorism but I know a bit about the others such as chemical weapons and the nuclear weapons. I have known that these are the two most common weapons of mass destruction most likely to cause a wide impact of mass casualties and the effects are longer lasting than the other WMDs. They are also the most common ones manufactured and produced in many nations and a cause of concern by many governments (Wecht & Okoye, 2007). The information I seek the most about the WMDs is on the regulations being made by our government both the federal and state governments on containing these weapons and ensuring the protection of the people (Wecht & Okoye, 2007). This might be easy for the nuclear weapons but not so much for the chemical weapons as the chemicals can be obtained in labs including school labs or even in the black market in large quantities without knowledge of the government and this is a cause for concern. In my research and from the information provided by the interview, it is obvious that the government has put so much effort in trying to contain the WMDs from harming the people through liaising with several departments as well as universities and company laboratories among other different organizations to prevent mass destruction. I have also learned of the numerous safety measures put in place to tackle such emergency disaster in case it was to occur.

Management of information technology Bachelor Essay

Management of information technology Bachelor - Essay Example And the study also mainly analyses the reality behind the privacy issue of the consumer. The study also concentrates on the supporting guidelines and practices in use for sustainable management to prevent the privacy concerns with RFID. RFID enables not only automatic supply chain data collection to improve inventory visibility and reduce stock outs at the retail level, it can also result in reduced need for manual handling, labor cost reductions, greater accuracy of shipments, and other benefits, (arcweb) RFID solutions provide real-time information by automatically detecting product movements throughout the distribution process. RFID technology provides real-time inventory visibility while minimizing the need for manual checks, allowing to: - The key to success in the retail RFID market depends on optimizing hardware, software and middleware roles and providing one-stop complete suites or solutions, which facilitate easy integration across the three domains," Shyam While RFID is reaching retailers across the revenue barrier, the high level of investment allows only the biggest retailers (typically $5 billion and above in revenues) to pilot and roll out the RFID technology in their stores and distribution centers, Shyam. The concepts of Distribution chain and logistics are closely connected in the context of raw materials, manufacturers, transporters, warehouses, retailers, and the customers themselves. The functions include the flow of information, and the transformation and delivery of goods from raw material stage through to the end user (Handfield and Nichols 1999 p. 2; Chopra and Meindl 2001, p. 3). Significant factors that determine the success of a supply chain and distribution outlets include process integration among the suppliers and

How Facebook Changed the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

How Facebook Changed the World - Essay Example This enabled a serious information flow to the population and creating awareness on their social human rights due to the economic crisis (Smyth 67). The world was changed because of this propagation and political leadership removed them from their positions. In analysis of the documentary, young people facilitated the unfolding events in the Arab spring through the social media. Young people had a notion that the old political rulers had failed in their responsibility and through their failure, poor economic state of their respective countries was experienced. Lack of employment for the young adults was a major impetus for change that gave their momentum for the social movement (Scott 23). Dictatorship and violation of human rights was among their concern, which also included corrupt leadership. The extreme poverty and educated youth with no jobs were dissatisfied in the Arab countries. This caused major information flow through the modern information technology. Facebook was effectively used in championing young people’s rights and urging the whole population to come out and demonstrate against poor leadership so that the political leaders could resign from their positions. The youth and the general population were not able to tolerate further deteriorating economy, caused by poor leadership. They had the need to champion the citizens to restore democracy and good leadership with no corruption to help in stimulating the economy. The social media through facebook was the main instigator, which was used as a tool in this Arab spring. The role of social media is demonstrated in the whole world on how effective it is because it has its own unique power. People are able to connect to one another and share their concerns, thus more mobilization takes place in the process. The information through social media also enabled the world to get updated on the events as they unfolded. The world was able to understand the concern of the Arab population

Leadership management and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership management and change - Essay Example So, the values of Tesco can be lined up as follows: Tesco has a consistent strategy that has allowed the company to strengthen their core business in UK and also helps to drive expansion towards new markets. The underlying principle for this strategy is to widen the scope of the business as the company is able to deliver sustainable growth for long term. This can be done by following the customer in domestic as well as in the new markets of abroad. They had taken a strategy to diversify the business in the year of 1997. The new businesses that have been started and developed due to this strategy over the last 13 years are now profitable and competitive enough. Even Tesco is now becoming a market leader in many of their markets outside UK. The group is able to make good progress. This strategy basically has five objectives. Since the 1990, the company has been seeking out for new opportunities for generating returns and growth for shareholders in new market. Today, the group is able to operate in 13 markets outside the United Kingdom and includes that of Asia, Europe and North America. The full appearance in international retailing is not something which can happen overnight. It needs long term approach. Tesco has evolved a strategy based on six factors. Those are as follows Flexibility: Every market is different from each other. So they have their unique approach. For example, in Japan fresh products are preferred and so they tend to shop several times a week and because of that reason, the stores are located in the heart of the community. So, it would be prudent to enter into that market through acquiring of discount supermarket operators. Maintain Focus: The group understands the customer’s requirement. They know that customers usually looking for great value and great choice. So, the company’s wish to prove themselves as the leading local group needs long term effort. Use multi-formats:

IT Doesn’t matter Essay Example for Free

IT Doesn’t matter Essay â€Å"If a company needs evidence of the kind of money that might be saved, it need only look at Microsoft’s profit margin† Excerpts from a company’s strategy document †¢ the company will ensure that it will have at least 2 plug points in each room with AC connection. †¢ The switches will be white in color and will make a ‘click’ sound on pressing †¢ Press to hear the click sound Disclaimer †¢ We all agree to the fact that IT plays a crucial role in running an organisation. †¢ All that we are driving at is that the existence of IT does not grant a competitive advantage to a company, anymore In other words, IT lets you remain in the race, Winning is a totally different ball game altogether The (lost) Edge †¢ Can IT provide an edge for you? †¢ You only gain an edge over rivals by having or doing something that they can’t have or do. †¢ By now, the core functions of IT – data storage, data processing, and data transport – have become available and affordable to all. †¢ And hence they are becoming costs of doing business that must be paid by all but provide distinction to none Risk Advantage †¢ When a resource becomes essential to competition but inconsequential to strategy, the risks it creates become more important than the advantages it provides †¢ Lets classify technologies into †¢ Proprietary technologies †¢ Infrastructural technologies. †¢ Proprietary technologies can be owned, actually or effectively, by a single company. †¢ Infrastructural technologies, in contrast, offer far more value when shared IT has all the hallmarks of an infrastructural technology. †¢ Its mix of characteristics guarantees particularly rapid commoditization. †¢ IT is, first of all, a transport mechanism–it carries digital information just as railroads carry goods and power grids carry electricity. †¢ And like any transport mechanism, it is far more valuable when shared than when used in isolation Hence the technology’s potential for differentiating one company from the pack – its strategic potential – declines as it becomes accessible and affordable to all. Mainframe timesharing local area networks Ethernet networks Internet †¢ Each stage in the above progression has led to Greater standardization of the technology and hence greater homogenization of its functionality. †¢ The benefits of customization would be overwhelmed by the costs of isolation. †¢ Because most business activities and processes have come to be embedded in software, they become replicable †¢ Both the cost savings and the interoperability benefits make the sacrifice of distinctiveness unavoidable The arrival of the Internet has accelerated the commoditization of IT by providing a perfect delivery channel for generic applications Signs that the IT has reached Saturation †¢ First, IT’s power is outstripping most of the business needs it fulfills. Second, the price of essential IT functionality has dropped to the point where it is more or less affordable to all. Third, the capacity of the universal distribution network (the Internet) has caught up with demand – indeed, we already have considerably more fiber-optic capacity than we need. Fourth, IT vendors are rushing to position themselves as commodity suppliers or even as utilities. Finally, and most definitively, the investment bubble has burst, which historically has been a clear indication that an infrastructural technology is reaching the end of its buildout. Do the Right Thing†¦ †¢   The operational risks associated with IT are many – technical glitches, obsolescence, service outages, unreliable vendors or partners, security breaches, even terrorism–and some have become magnified as companies have moved from tightly controlled, proprietary systems to open, shared ones. IT may be a commodity, and its costs may fall rapidly enough to ensure that any new capabilities are quickly shared, but the very fact that it is entwined with so many business functions means that it will continue to consume a large portion of corporate spending. IT buyers should throw their weight around, to negotiate contracts that ensure the long term usefulness of their PC investments and impose hard limits on upgrade costs. And if vendors balk, companies should be willing to explore cheaper solutions, including open-source applications and bare-bones network PCs. Most of the major business technology vendors, from Microsoft to IBM, are trying to position themselves as IT utilities, companies that will control the provision of a diverse range of business applications over what is now called, â€Å"the grid. † The upshot is ever greater homogenization of IT capabilities, as more companies replace customized applications with generic ones. Wal-Mart and Dell Computer are exceptions to this though. In2002, the consulting firm Alinean compared the IT expenditures and the financial results of 7,500 large U. S. companies †¢ The 25 companies that delivered the highest economic returns, spent on average just 0. 8% of their revenues on IT, while the typical company spent 3. 7%. †¢ Larry Ellison, one of the great technology salesmen, admitted in a recent interview that â€Å"most companies spend too much [on IT] and get very little in return. † †¢ The key to success, for the vast majority of companies, is no longer to seek advantage aggressively but to manage costs and risks meticulously. Thank You

How does Robert Louis Stevenson Create a sense of Mystery, Horror and Suspense Essay Example for Free

How does Robert Louis Stevenson Create a sense of Mystery, Horror and Suspense Essay In the novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Robert Louise Stevenson uses many techniques to create a sense of mystery, horror and suspense. In this essay I will be analyzing some of these techniques in further depth. I will be explaining what effect these techniques will have on the reader. The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 and is probably the best known of Stevensons novels. It concerns the fine divide between good and evil. In the book the reader finds out more about how and why Dr Jekyll created a potion that separates the good side from the evil side, of the person. Unfortunately he lost control of the situation, resulting in a number of unfortunate events. Mr. Utterson is widely regarded as a good man, there is much evidence in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde to back this statement up. One piece of evidence to show this is when the reader is told something eminently human beaconed from his eyes. This is a short and meaningful insight into the persona of Mr. Utterson. . We are also told that he had a approved tolerance for others. This is more evidence to show that he could empathise and care about people. This also makes the audience think that he will be tested. He is also said to be the last good influence in the lives of down going men, he is known to be a compassionate man, he looks to help people rather than judge them. This also makes the reader think that being a client of Mr Utterson, Dr Jekyll may be possible in store to be coming into some trouble. We are told much about Dr Jekylls House in the novel. Showed no windows, what does it mean to the reader, why would this mysterious character have no windows, what is he hiding, or what is hiding in there. This raises questions to the audience about the man, why would a man in a respected profession such as a doctor want to be living a life like this in a house with no windows. It says that the wall was discoloured and the it bore marks of prolonged and sordid negligence. This leads the audience to wonder, what would cause the walls to be discoloured and why does man take so little pride in his abode. The writer Robert Louse Stevenson uses words like the word sordid to create an image of evil and wickedness. IT is said to be blistered and disdained and have neither bell or knocker. The later of the two statements bears more negative connotations than the former. The fact that the house has no bell or knocker signifies to the reader that Dr Jekyll does not wish to be disturbed thus adding to the atmosphere of secrecy. Why would a man such like Dr Jekyll wish not to bothered what is he hiding in this house. The Final Statement regarding the dwelling of Dr Jekyll is typical of gothic writings of that era, it has mysterious connotations that intrigue the reader in saying some place at the end of the world. It also conjures up images of evil when Enfield says Black winter morning. On page 11 the reader is recounted the story of how Mr. Hyde trampled over the child. This is most probably the best example of the Robert Lewis Stevenson using specific techniques to create an innate sense of horror. He uses a common technique of the era, using descriptive, detailed language to intensify the sense of horror. For instance he says some place at the end of the world about three oclock of a black winter morning, he also goes on to say about how empty and lifeless the streets were. The reader is also made to feel fearful, wary and loathsome towards this beast whom is said to have felt no remorse for the heinous act he had just committed. The writer instills these feelings within us by saying thing like the man trampled calmly over the childs body this not only makes the reader horrified that someone could do such a thing, is also exceedingly curious as to who this man could be and why is he so remorseless for what he has done. Mr. Enfield makes several accounts of Mr. Hydes persona. The way in which Mr. Enfield reacts to the sight of Mr. Hyde makes the reader believe he must be a truly terrible man to provoke such a reaction from a well respected man such as Mr. Enfield. Mr. Enfield Says that Hyde gave me one look, so ugly that it brought the sweat on me like running, The reader will immediately relate someone being hideously ugly to them being morally objectionable. He also says I had taken a loathing to the man at first sight the reader questions what could it be that causes him to beacon this loathsome aura. It is said by Enfield that it was not only him to feel this way towards Hyde I saw that sawbones turn sick and white with the desire to kill him the reader wonders what could possible cause a man you whom had previously been described as emotionless to feel this way to a man he does not even know. The final account of Hyde is short but is nonetheless important it is when Hyde is described as being really like Satan. This is a grave accusation to make, saying that a man is like Satan the epitome of all that is evil. It is not false though Hyde is all that is evil within Dr. Jekyll. Mr. Enfield says that the man he saw was of the name Hyde. This name has a eerie ring to it, it carries a certain mystique. When people hear the name Hyde they immediately think of secrecy and what is the secrecy for. Later in the novel Utterson makes reference to Hydes name saying If he is Mr. Hyde then I shall be Mr. Seek. This immediately makes the reader think of the childhood game hide and seek. If this mans name is Hyde then why must he be found, what will he do? One technique that Stevenson uses to great effect is withholding information about the character Mr. Hyde. Mr. Enfield says no sir I had a delicacy, I feel very strongly about putting questions. This is Enfield saying that he did not inquire too deeply about Hyde. This creates mystery and suspense. Hyde is a mysterious character who the reader knows very little about but is intrigued by. Suspense is created by the fear of what this man is going to do. Enfield and Utterson also agree not to talk about this man again. This makes the reader incredibly suspicious of why it is that these two men do not wish to speak about this incident. Mr. Utterson states on page fifteen that already knows of Mr. Hyde saying The fact is, if I do not ask you the name of the other party, it is because I know it already. This shows to the reader that Mr. Utterson knows more than he is letting on. This makes the audience suspicious as to why a good man like Utterson would feel the need to keep this information to himself. Chapter two Dr. Jekylls will is very bizarre it says that in the case of Dr. Jekylls disappearance or unexplained absence for any period exceeding three calendar months, the said Edward Hyde should step into the said Henry Jekylls shoes without further delay. This engages the readers interest as to what the connection is between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Its irrationality is said to have offended Mr. Utterson both as a lawyer and a lover of the sane. It is strange because it does not say that he should be dead before he steps in. Mr. Utterson is left baffled by what has been written in Jekylls will and decides to go visit Dr. Lanyon. Lanyon tells Utterson that ten years ago he began to go wrong in the mind. This raises suspicions in the readers mind about Dr. Jekyll now that they see that one of his dearest friends now speaks of him in such a way. He sys that his unscientific balderdash was so delirious and immoral that is could have estranged Damon and Pythias who in Greek mythology are known for being inseparable friends. The reader must wonder what it is that Dr. Jekyll did to provoke such a claim from a close friend. Lanyon says to Utterson that he knows not of Hyde. This makes the audience suspicious of how it is possible for a man who claims to have been so close to Dr. Jekyll, but does not even know the man who he wishes to leave his entire estate to. We are told that Mr. Enfields imagination also was engaged, or rather enslaved; as he lay and tossed in the gross darkness of the night. Stevenson tells the reader that Utterson is imagining all of the terrible things that this Hyde character could have done. This automatically makes the reader imagine which builds up a sense of horror in the readers mind. We are told that Utterson did not know what Hyde looked like. Like Mr. Utterson the reader will imagine the worst of what Mr. Hyde looks like. He is described as a human Juggernaut the word Juggernaut instills images of an untamed beast that you must be cautious around. It was the face of a man who was without bowels of mercy This makes the reader tense about how terrible this man could be. Spirit of enduring hatred it could be because of the way Enfield reacted to this man that has caused Utterson to feel this way. When Utterson finally meets Hyde it is a very Dramatic tense scene full of typical language from gothic writings of that era e.g. it was a fine dry night, frost in the air, the streets as clean as a ball room this is typical extremely descriptive scene setting. From previous descriptions of Mr. Hyde the reader can only expect the worse for Mr. Utterson.

Raspberry Pi Foundation DDoS Attack

Raspberry Pi Foundation DDoS Attack E Crime The perfect ‘E Crime’ – The Raspberry Pi Foundation Assessment: The perfect ‘E Crime’ – The Raspberry Pi Foundation Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Aim 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Justification 2 What is E-Crime? 2.1 Types of E-Crime? 3 The Raspberry Pi Foundation 4 The Attack 5 DoS attacks 5.1 DDoS attacks 5.2 Botnets 5.3 Protocol Attack 5.4 SYN Flood 6 Tools 6.1 High orbit ion cannon 6.1.1 High Orbit Ion Cannon Capabilities 6.2 Apache Killer 7 Defending DDoS 7.1 DDoS Defence System 7.2 DDoS Defence System Benefits 8 Example of a DoS attack 8.1 DoSing a website 8.1.1 The Result 9 Possible Perpetrators 9.1 Threat Agents 9.2 Who are the perpetrators? 10 Conclusion 11 References Figure 1 DDoS Attack Figure 2 High Orbit Ion Cannon Figure 3 Apache Killer Figure 4 DDoS Defence System Figure 5 Command Prompt Figure 6 Low Orbit Ion Cannon ready Figure 7 Low Orbit Ion Cannon attacking Figure 8 Low Orbit Ion Cannon URL Figure 9 Result of a successful DoS on a website 1 Introduction In this report the information will be based around a case study of an e crime against a SME (small-medium enterprise) that has taken place during the past 10 years. The story that has been chosen is the Raspberry Pi Foundation that was hit by DDoS attack on the 7th march 2013. The report will then explain how a cyber-criminal might have conducted this particular crime and try to assess the method and processes they might have used, including the tools, both hardware and software. While discussing tools, the report will show an example of how the tools are used to commit the crimes used from the story. The report will also show how you can defend systems from the attack that was chosen. 1.1 Aim The aim of this report is to demonstrate an understanding of cyber-attacks that are used against small, medium enterprises, and the tools (software and hardware) they use to be able to carry out these attacks. 1.2 Methodology This report was compiled utilising secondary resources, including a variety of books obtained from the library, as well as internet sources such as websites and PDFs. 1.3 Justification E-Crime Wales have documented that a Denial of service attack is one of the most common types of E-crime. (E-Crime Wales, 2012) Denial of service attack was chosen because it’s one of the most common e-Crimes out there, it is also probably one of the easiest attacks to perform, the tools used for this type of are attack are freely available to find and download, easy to use and very powerful. The company chosen was a SME and the attack was done in the last ten years. 2 What is E-Crime? E-Crime is a criminal activity where a computer or computer network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. E-Crime is not necessarily just for computing purposes; E-Crime’s can also be crimes such as fraud, theft, blackmail, forgery and embezzlement. E-Crime is quite difficult to become aware of and also punish because of how difficult it is, and also because attackers are able to hack victims thousands of miles away. Due to E-Crime getting a lot bigger and technology is becoming more advanced, new threats are rising very quickly and are also quite difficult for companies and people to react to them. (E-Crime Wales, 2011) 2.1 Types of E-Crime? According to the UK Government, around 87% of small businesses were victims of a security incident in 2013 up 10% and the average cost of a companys worst incident was  £35,000  £65,000 (Gov, 2013) In Wales alone it is estimated that attacks from e-criminals cost the economy around one billion. This includes financial loss, interruption of business, theft of valuable data, identity theft and a lot more caused by unauthorized access to systems. (Prior, N, 2013) Types of E-Crime are as follows: Hardware Theft Identity Theft Phishing Pharming Malware Virus’s Cyber Terrorism 3 The Raspberry Pi Foundation The Raspberry Pi Foundation is charity that was founded in 2006 which is supported by the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory and Broadcom. The charity is there to promote computer science in schools, and is the developer of the single board computer the Raspberry Pi. In 2011, the Raspberry Pi Foundation developed a single-board computer named the Raspberry Pi. The Foundations goal was to offer two versions, priced at around  £30. The Foundation started accepting orders for the higher priced model on 29 February 2012. (Raspberry,FAQ, 2009) 4 The Attack The main attack was the third attack of out of seven days. The foundation was attacked on the afternoon of the 3rd march, where the site was disrupted for about an hour. The foundation was then again attacked two days later on the 5th march, but nothing happened and the attackers gave up after a few hours, finally on the evening of 7th March 2013, the Raspberry Pi Foundation website was attacked by a nasty Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The servers where hit by a SYN flood, a botnet that contained around 1 million nodes. This caused the website to become very slow, especially the forum pages. The website was also down for a few hours. This attack proved to be the worst out of the three attempts. 5 DoS attacks DoS refers to â€Å"Denial of service† attack. A DoS attack is an attack that can make a web resource unavailable to its users by flooding the target URL with more requests than the server can handle. That means that regular traffic on the website will be either slowed down or completely interrupted. (Bull Guard, 2012) 5.1 DDoS attacks DDos refers to â€Å"distributed denial of service† attack. A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a DoS attack that comes from more than one source at the same time. A DDoS attack is generated using thousands can be up to hundreds of thousands of zombie machines. The machines used in such attacks are known as â€Å"botnets† in this attack there were around one million nodes in the botnet. The botnets are normally infected with malicious software, so they can be remotely controlled by the attacker. Attackers usually create the denial-of-service by either consuming server bandwidth or impairing the server itself. Targets are normally web servers, DNS servers, application servers, routers, firewalls and Internet bandwidth. (Verisign, 2012) Figure 1 DDoS Attack 5.2 Botnets Criminals use bots to infect large numbers of computers. These computers form a network, or a botnet. Criminals use botnets to send out spam email messages, spread viruses, attack computers and servers, and commit other kinds of crime and fraud. If a computer becomes part of a botnet, then the computer might slow down and maybe unintentionally be helping criminals. (E-CrimeWales, 2011) 5.3 Protocol Attack The attack used against the raspberry pi foundation was a SYN flood from a botnet. This is called a protocol attack. Protocol attacks include attacks such as SYN floods, fragmented packet attacks ETC. These types of attacks target server resources, firewalls and load balancers, and is measured in Packets per second. 5.4 SYN Flood A SYN flood DDoS attack exploits a weakness in the TCP connection sequence which is known as the three way handshake, SYN requests to start a TCP connection with a host must be answered by a SYN-ACK response from that host, and then confirmed by an ACK (ACKnowledge) response from the requester. In a SYN flood attack, the requester sends multiple SYN requests, but sometimes it doesn’t respond to the host’s SYN-ACK response, or sends the SYN requests from a spoofed IP address. Either way, the host system continues to wait for acknowledgement, binding resources until no new connections can be made, and then resulting in a denial of service attack. (Incapsula, 2012) 6 Tools 6.1 High orbit ion cannon Figure 2 High Orbit Ion Cannon (Breeden, J, 2012) The High Orbit Ion Cannon is a tool used mainly by anonymous but also used by other hacktivists. The High Orbit Ion Cannon is an upgrade of the Low Orbit Ion Cannon, but it seems that the High Orbit Ion Cannon is mainly used to just DoS websites instead of servers, which you can do on the Low Orbit Ion Cannon. The High Orbit Ion Cannon is able to use custom scripts to target more than just a website’s home page. Instead of visiting the site from a fake user, the High Orbit Ion Cannon targets sub-pages. So the attackers try to visit the welcome page, help pages, article pages and anything else a victim site has to offer. This method prevents some firewalls from recognising that the website is being attacked. Even if they do detect what’s happening, they will have trouble shutting down because the software is sending multiple fake users to multiple pages within a domain. (Breeden, J, 2012) The High Orbit Ion Cannon is really not that powerful for single users if they want to attack a big organisation, Anonymous say at least 50 people need to attack a big organisation in order to take the website down. In this instance a single user could of used this type of tool to bring down the Raspberry Pi Foundation website for a few hours, mainly because the Foundation wouldn’t have (or very little) Anti DDoS software to have been able to stop the attack. (Breeden, J, 2012) 6.1.1 High Orbit Ion Cannon Capabilities High-speed multi-threaded HTTP Flooding Simultaneously flood up to multiple websites at once Scripted Boosters to handle DDoS counter measures and increase DoS output. Generating Multiple HTTP Header to create the genuine traffic flow scenario. (Avkash, K, 2012) 6.2 Apache Killer Figure 3 Apache Killer (Expert Hacker Home, 2012) Apache killer is a DDOS/DOS tool written in Perl which sends HTTP get requests with multiple byte ranges, these byte rangesoccupya wide variety of portions in the memory space. Byte Range helps browsers or downloading applications to download required parts of files. This helps reduce bandwidth usage. While the script sends dozens of unsorted components in the request header to cause the apacheserver to malfunction. (Rafayhackingarticles, 2012) If the attack is successful the results can be devastating and can end up in rendering the original operating system unusable only if the requests are sent parallel. (Hoffman, S, 2011). 7 Defending DDoS There are a number of ways to defend against DDoS attacks: Black-holing or sinkholing: This approach blocks all traffic and diverts it to a black hole, where it is discarded. The downside is that all traffic is discarded good and bad, packet-filtering and rate-limiting measures simply shut everything down, denying access to legitimate users. (ComputerWorld Inc, 2004) Routers and firewalls: Routers can be configured to stop simple ping attacks by filtering nonessential protocols and can also stop invalid IP addresses. However, routers are pretty much useless against a more sophisticated spoof attack and application-level attacks using valid IP addresses. Firewalls can shut down a specific flow associated with an attack, but like routers, they cant perform anti-spoofing. (ComputerWorld Inc, 2004) 7.1 DDoS Defence System Figure 4 DDoS Defence System (Coreo Network Security, 2012) The DDoS Defence System (DDS) prevents DDoS attacks from crippling firewalls, intrusion prevention systems (IPS), switches and targeted web and DNS servers. It stops all types of DDoS attacks and maintains full availability without effecting performance. DDS provides maximum protection for critical IT assets while allowing full access to legitimate users and applications. (Coreo Network Security, 2012) DDS detects and blocks all forms of DDoS attacks, including: Application layer Network layer flooding Specially crafted exploits Reflective Outbound attacks 7.2 DDoS Defence System Benefits Detects and mitigates both traditional network-layer DDoS attacks and more advanced application-layer attacks Protects your network, allowing legitimate communications to pass without delay provides automated real-time defence against identified DDoS attack sources 8 Example of a DoS attack The following attack was performed in a virtual environment using DoS and DDoS software. In the example the DoS tool that was used was the Low Orbit Ion Cannon and Windows server 2008. Figure 5 Command Prompt As you can see in figure 5, it shows a simple IPconfig command to show the IP address for the attack. Figure 6 Low Orbit Ion Cannon ready In Figure 6 you can see that the Low Orbit Ion Cannon is ready to set off. As you can see the Server 2008 IP address has been locked on ready for it to be DoS’ed. Just underneath the address you can see the speed of the attack, the faster it is the more requests that are sent to the server, underneath that it then shows the method, port, thread and timeout for the attack. Figure 7 Low Orbit Ion Cannon attacking As from figure 6 you can see all the things are the same and ready to go. After clicking â€Å"IMMA CHARGIN MAH LAZER† you can see the attack is working by looking at the bottom of Figure 7 where it is showing the number of requests being sent. That number was just after around one minute of the server being attacked, so the amount requested would be a lot higher after around five minutes time which would probably be enough time. The purpose of Dos’ing a server is so that it stops any requests to that server, it sends multiple fake requests to the server stopping anything else being connected to it. 8.1 DoSing a website Figure 8 Low Orbit Ion Cannon URL The Low Orbit Ion Cannon can also be used to DoS a website, by simply typing in the website you want to DoS in the URL tab, click lock on and then fire the cannon. The purpose of DoSing a website is by flooding the target URL with more requests than the server can handle causing the website to crash and to be temporarily unavailable. 8.1.1 The Result Figure 9 Result of a successful DoS on a website If a DoS/DDoS attack is successful on a website then this is normally what you’ll see when you try to access the website, the DoS attack has clearly crashed the website and caused it to offline. 9 Possible Perpetrators The Possible perpetrators could be a number of people or organised crime. Even though there is no evidence from the foundation on who was behind the attack or the location it came. 9.1 Threat Agents The possible threat agents that could have been behind this attack are as follows Employees Government agencies Hacktivists groups e.g. Anonymous Organised criminals 9.2 Who are the perpetrators? From conducting the research there is no evidence of who was behind the attack and where that attack had come from. Looking at the possible threat agents it’s very unlikely that the attack could of come from a government agency or a type of hacktivist group such as anonymous, Lulzsec etc, if the attack came from one of them two types of threat agents the attack could have been a lot more sophisticated and could have caused a lot more damage. The Raspberry Pi Foundation quote that the attacker was probably â€Å" an angry confused kid† which is easy to believe considering the attack was attempted multiple times throughout that week, but its possible that the attack may not be linked to the same person, it could also be the same attacker with help from others to make sure the attack was successful or it could have been another attacker. The foundation says that the attack was probably for financial gain but there is no comment of any data being stolen. 10 Conclusion Throughout the report it shows how frightening it is that any sorts of hacker or hacktivist group are willing to attack anyone. It’s scary to think that even charity websites are vulnerable to attacks. Looking at this attack the foundation is lucky that it wasn’t attacked by a bigger threat agent from a hacktivist group which could have caused a lot more damage. The report also shows how easy it is to get your hands on the tools that are commonly used, how easy they are to use and how powerful they actually are. The examples of the attacks show how powerful the tools can be, the Low Orbit Ion Cannon sends a high amount of requests to servers and websites in a short space of time. 11 References Raspberry, FAQ. (2009). About Us. Available: http://www.raspberrypi.org/about. Last accessed 19/03/2014. E-Crime Wales. (2011). What is e-Crime?. Available: http://www.ecrimewales.com/server.php?show=nav.8856. Last accessed 17/03/2014. Breeden, J. (2012). Hackers new firepower adds firepower to DDOS. Available: http://gcn.com/Articles/2012/10/24/Hackers-new-super-weapon-adds-firepower-to-DDOS.aspx?Page=2. Last accessed 18/03/2014. Expert, Hacker Home. (2012). Latest Methods of DDoS attacks. Available: http://experthackershome.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/ddos-attacks-in-2012-latest-method-of.html. Last accessed 18/03/2013. E-Crime, Wales. (2011). Botnets Explained. Available: http://www.ecrimewales.com/server.php?show=nav.9390. Last accessed 26/03/2014. Coreo Network Security. (2012). How to stop DDoS Attacks. Available: http://www.corero.com/en/products_and_services/dds. Last accessed 27/03/2014. ComputerWorld Inc. (2004). How to defend against DDoS attacks. Available: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/94014/How_to_defend_against_DDoS_attacks. Last accessed 27/03/2014. Bull Guard. (2012). What are DoS and DDoS attacks?. Available: http://www.bullguard.com/bullguard-security-center/internet-security/internet-threats/what-are-dos-and-ddos-attacks.aspx. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Verisign. (2012). What is a DDoS attacks?. Available: http://www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/network-intelligence-availability/ddos/ddos-attack/index.xhtml. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Incapsula. (2012). DDoS Attack Types. Available: http://www.incapsula.com/ddos/ddos-attacks. Last accessed 20/03/2014. rafayhackingarticles. (2012). Apache Killer. Available: http://www.rafayhackingarticles.net/2011/08/zero-day-dos-vulnerability-in-apache.html. Last accessed 23/03/2014. Hoffman, S. (2011). Apache Killer Tool Exploits DoS Flaw. Available: http://www.crn.com/news/security/231600200/apache-killer-tool-exploits-dos-flaw.htm. Last accessed 23/03/2014. 1

Law and Economic Literature :: Economic Environment, Trading Regulations

Law and economic literature on insider trading can be categorized into two categories- agency theories and market theories of insider trading. Agency theories of insider trading deal with the impact of insider trading on firm-level efficiency and corporate value (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). On other hand, Market theories of insider trading analyze the implication of insider trading on market performance (Bhattacharya and Daouk, 2000) e.g. the cost of capital, liquidity and market efficacy etc., for example, Manna (1966) suggests that the insider trading allows stock markets to be more efficiency. Surprisingly, most of the debates on insider trading are concentrated on U.S markets (Beny, 2005).La Porta et al (1998) claim that law and its level of enforcement vary according to countries’ infrastructures, and differences in law and its enforcement may explain variations in market structures and stock market practices among different countries. Moreover, Maug (2002) presents a mat hematical model in which a dominate owner has information advantage over small shareholders where insider trading regulations are not properly enforced. Besides, Leland (1992) argues that if the insider trading is allowed, stock prices reflect better information at the cost of less liquidity that magnitude depends on economic environment. Baiman and Verrecchia (1996) argue that the level of insider trading varies with level of financial disclosure, the culture, and the economics of different countries. Therefore, it can be expected that the impact of insider trading activities on the stock market varies country to country. Bhattacharya and Daouk (2002) address the effect of insider trading regulation and its enforcement on the cost of capital by taking 51 countries over more than 20 years, and they summaries that insider trading regulation and its enforcement of different countries help in reducing the cost of capital of firms. Even though, the magnitude of effect varies with the level of enforcement of a country. Moreover, Beny (2005) does an attempt to find whether insider trading law matter on Ownership dispersion, stock price informativeness and stock liquidity. In empirical results, he finds that Ownership dispersion, stock price informativeness and stock liquidity are greater where insider trading law and its enforcement are more restricted. Moreover, the most important aspect of the formal law is penalties or criminal sanctions that are imposed on who violates insider trading law. Fernandes and Ferreira (2009) argue that insider trading regulation and its enforcement improve the informativeness of stock prices, but this improvement is concentrated in developed markets.

The Capital Punishment Debate :: Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty

Capital punishment (the death penalty) is the means of punishment, decided by the court, which most convicted murderers, are sentenced to. This sentencing involves the induced death of the convicted criminals by various means. Most of the methods used or previously used for the execution process include: lethal injection, hanging, firing squad, gas chamber, electrocution (DPIC 2006). Murders have taken place all over the world throughout history and still continue to this day. Many argue on what the proper punishment would be for these types of criminals. Some believe that many years or life in prison is the best verdict for these convicts. Others will argue that capital punishment is a more suitable punishment. Although the death penalty has been in effect for many years and still continues to be practiced, the debate of whether or not this type of punishment should be allowed is still active. Certain people will say that it is cruel to resort to this type of punishment while others will say it is very necessary. The system of capital punishment is designed for the protection from the potential threat that the convicted have on society. Dudly Sharp, states that â€Å"by executing murderers you prevent them from murdering again and do, thereby, save innocent life† (19). The only way to prevent a person from committing murder continuously after being convicted is punishing them under the same means. This can only ensure the safety of the community. Capital punishment is even elaborated from a biblical standpoint also. Dr. Dave Miller states in his article, that â€Å"Very early in human history, God decreed that murderers were to forfeit their own lives† (2). Even God believes that murders do not have a right to live. The concern of whether or not capital punishment is a suitable system for punishment for murder convicts is an issue. In her article, Deborah White argues that capital punishment â€Å"†¦violates the right to life†¦It is the ultimate, cruel, inhuman and de grading punishment† (3). White believes that it is cruel to condemn someone to death who has intentionally killed other people. The world is full of murderers. These heinous crime performers, unless brought to justice, will continue their dirty deeds with no incentive to quit. A criminal who commits murder, should not go without being severely punished. Gregory Koukl states that in regards to any crime the convicted â€Å"†¦deserve to be punished, and the punishment should fit the crime† (36).

From the Depths of My Soul :: Personal Narrative essay about myself

From the Depths of My Soul    ``Songs my father taught me'' should be the title of everything I play. His teachings took place from my first breath to his last. They are profoundly present in every moment that I am with the guitar. He taught me to love her, to care for her and to give myself to her.    Many times I went to sleep listening to him playing classical guitar, or woke up to the sound of a Bach gavotte! While walking in the old part of town, he would call my attention to the moonlight illuminating the narrow streets, or smell the flowers perfuming the old city, and then tell me``This is the Fandanguillo of Turina!''    I saw my father under persecution by the republicans and later decorated with honors by the democrats. I saw my father in poverty and I saw him financially successful. One thing remained untouched - his love of music, his love of the guitar. He practiced with the same devotion when there was no sight or hope of a successful career as he did later when success did come. The collection of music I play in homage to him was an essential part of the repertoire he always kept with him and gave to my brothers and me so that through our love of it we could search for beauty and that unattainable perfection that is the guiding light of all the great servants of music.    My father was a genius; he is an immortal man. I always wanted to believe in immortality. I always wanted to believe in eternal life, and intellectually I did. But in my heart, I had my doubts. In the last moments that my father and I spent together, he took these doubts away. He taught me that indeed there is a God. He taught me that there is eternal life, and we made a pact that we would soon be together, reunited, and in full recognition of each other.    My father taught me many things. When he was alive we had the most beautiful and most perfect love affair that two people could have. My father was the greatest guitarist known to me, and everything in me is only an offspring of that magnificent tree of music that he was. And everything that passes from me to future generations will be an offshoot of that beautiful root that was completely ingrained in the earth of music.

Hpv And Oral Cancer Health And Social Care Essay

One individual dies from unwritten malignant neoplastic disease every hr of every twenty-four hours. Oral malignant neoplastic disease is the 5th most common malignant neoplastic disease in the universe with over 450,000 instances diagnosed worldwide and over 210,000 deceases happening yearly. ( Peter KC Goon1, 2009 ) In the yesteryear, the largest causes of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases were smoking, smokeless baccy, and intoxicant. With the addition in smoking instruction and a decrease in the figure of people who smoke, certain caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases, such as voice box malignant neoplastic diseases, have decreased. However, there has been no decrease in the incidence of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases overall. In fact, tumours in the unwritten pit, chiefly the lingua and tonsils, have risen among immature work forces and adult females at a rate of around 3 % yearly. Those rates jumped to 11 % each of the last two old ages, the bulk of which is male. At this rate of growing, the figure of people diagnosed with unwritten malignant neoplastic disease will transcend the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease diagnosed yearly in the following decennary. ( Jimeno, 2010 ) What is surprising is that the cause of the addition in unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases is due to the virus that cause cervical malignant neoplastic disease and until late was considered a adult female ‘s disease. Fortunately, many of these new instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic disease can be avoided with compulsory and cosmopolitan vaccinums that have already been approved by the FDA, with early sensing, through public outreach plans, and most significantly, by speaking with our kids about sex The virus driving this upseting tendency in unwritten malignant neoplastic disease is the Human Papillomavirus or HPV. HPV is the most common sexually familial infection in the United States ( The Ohio State University, 2010 ) . There are approximately 100 different strains of HPV, with 60 % of them doing common warts and 40 % that are mucosal. HPV16 and 18 are both mucosal, and are deemed high hazard in the development of cancerous lesions, and are responsible for 95 % of all cervical malignant neoplastic diseases. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, HPV is responsible for over 500,000 new instances of cervical malignant neoplastic disease each twelvemonth and claims over 250,000 lives worldwide. It is estimated that HPV is present in three quarters of all adult females by the clip they are 50 ( National Conference of State Legislatures, 2010 ) . It takes about two old ages for a organic structure to acquire rid of the HPV virus and most people have no sick effects or symptoms of the virus, while others will develop malignant neoplastic disease. Recent surveies reveal that over 80 % of the tumours found in freshly diagnosed oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease patients are due to HPV16 and all are squamous cell carcinomas. This extremely aggressive strain of the virus is now the taking cause of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases, exceling malignant neoplastic diseases caused by baccy and intoxicant combined. ( Swanson, 2010 ) These freshly diagnosed instances of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases caused by the HPV virus are chiefly happening in the base of the lingua, which is the portion that starts at the dorsum of the pharynx and continues toward the gorge, and in the tonsils. Surveies have proven that HPV16 ‘s primary agencies of transmittal is through unwritten venereal sex, although current research is concentrating on other agencies of transmittal, including caressing and sharing drinks. Once a individual has been exposed to the virus, it can take between 20 and 30 old ages for the development of HPV related unwritten malignant neoplastic disease ( Chustecka, 2010 ) . One oncologist has said that there â€Å" is an epidemic, about a pandemic, of unknown proportion†¦ , † in respects to the figure of new patients that he is now handling with caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV. The demographic for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease patients has changed over recent old ages every bit good. Prior to 2003, the bulk of these types of malignant neoplastic diseases were found in older work forces in their 60s and 70 ‘s that have a long history of smoke and imbibing intoxicant. However, these traditional hazard factors no longer use. These yearss, the archetypal patient most at hazard are Caucasic work forces and adult females in their 40s and 50s, many which have ne'er smoked coffin nails or drank intoxicant merely on rare occasions. They do nevertheless hold other high hazard factors derived from sexual patterns, chiefly a high figure of sexual spouses, or a history of unwritten genital or unwritten anal sex. To understand this recent epidemic, past sexual behaviours have to be analyzed. During the late sixties and 70s, a sexual revolution of kinds occurred. It was a clip of sexual promiscuousness and rebellion against the norms of society. Monogamy represented repression. Sexual activity with many different spouses no longer held stigmata and unwritten sex became more widely practiced. Surveies show that since the 1960s, more than 80 % of the population now engages in unwritten sex. In comparing, merely 30 % of people born prior to 1950 hold engaged in unwritten sex. ( Manier, 2008 ) With the debut of AIDS in the late 80 ‘s, sexual attitudes began to alter. Education attempts doubled and parents began once more learning their kids about abstention and â€Å" safe sex. † In the 90s, under the instructions of Bill Clinton, unwritten sex was no longer considered sex. Oral sex rates skyrocketed because it had become much more acceptable to teens and to society as a much less hazardous option. However, the hazard factor for undertaking unwritten HPV grows in direct proportion to the figure of unwritten sex spouse a individual has. If a individual has more than five but less than 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time, there is a 250 % addition in the opportunities of developing unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. That rate rises to 750 % if a individual has over 25 unwritten sex spouses in a life-time ( Newswire, 2010 ) . For old ages, physicians have advocated one-year Pap vilification for adult females in hopes of cut downing the figure of patients that develop cervical malignant neoplastic disease caused by the HPV virus, by catching it in its pre-cancerous phase. Unfortunately, there are no trials available for work forces. Research attempts are under manner to develop new tools for usage by tooth doctors for early sensing of unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Thymine he job with some of these trials is the tumours are chiefly happening in countries non viewable by the bare oculus, in the tonsils and in the base of the lingua. Oral rinses would besides be uneffective for those same grounds. In 2007, the FDA approved a vaccinum, Gardisil, which would protect against both the virus that causes venereal warts and against the strain responsible for cervical malignant neoplastic disease. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ( ACIP ) recommends Gardisil for misss ages 9 to 26 in hopes of diminishing the figure of instances of cervical malignant neoplastic diseases diagnosed each twelvemonth. The FDA besides approved this same vaccinum for usage in male childs every bit good. In October 2009, the ACIP heard grounds sing the efficaciousness of the vaccinum in males every bit good as the costs associated with adding males to an all female vaccinum. The information presented to the Immunization Work Group was uncomplete because the informations sing HPV and its relation to unwritten malignant neoplastic disease, anal malignant neoplastic disease and penial malignant neoplastic disease was non included. The information presented to the work group contained statistics through 2003 and hence out-of-date, as the figure of caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases has increased over 30 % since that clip. After much argument, the work group approved a declaration to add the vaccinum as a permissive vaccinum for males aged nine to 16 for the intervention of venereal warts, alternatively of a recommended vaccinum to protect against both strains ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . Under a permissive recommendation, a supplier is non required to offer the vaccinum to his patients but must immunize if the parent or kid petitions the vaccinum. In add-on, private insurance will non cover the cost of the vaccinum and immunisation plans will non advance the recommendation ( Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2009 ) . The determination to do the vaccinum permissive in males, alternatively of recommended, was based on the cost per quality adjusted life twelvemonth. To be cost effectual, a vaccinum should be less than $ 50,000 per QAL. The theoretical accounts presented to the IACP reflected a QAL over $ 100,000. These figures are non accurate because the theoretical accounts have uncomplete informations. For case, the theoretical accounts did non include all malignant neoplastic diseases that can be treated with the HPV vaccinum, merely on the strains that cause venereal warts. In add-on, the theoretical accounts were based on high inoculation rates of over 75 % in misss. Presently the inoculation rate is around 30 % . The consensus of many in the medical community is that high inoculation rates in eligible misss will contradict the demand to immunize male childs. This goes against grounds turn outing work forces and adult females have similar prevalence of the disease, and work forces have a higher acquisition rate of the virus ( Silverman, 2010 ) . Even though, with the current rate of inoculation being so low, it would do sense to urge the inoculation universally for both sexes. A cost analysis theoretical account that included the informations through 2002 but adjusted the malignant neoplastic disease rates to include all HPV malignant neoplastic diseases the vaccinum would protect against, places the QAL around $ 24,000. With the significant addition in the figure of instances in recent old ages, that sum is now even less. Either manner, the QAL falls good under the gilded criterion needed for inclusion into a national inoculation plan and would do better usage of the resources available. There has been much research by top universities and oncologists go forthing small room for argument on the correlativity of HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases in work forces, every bit good as anal and penial malignant neoplastic diseases. Despite all of the information that has been, made populace since 1998 when the nexus was foremost discovered, the Centers for Disease Control has yet to acknowledge HPV as a beginning taking to unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases. Public consciousness runs have started in little bunchs in the United States, but they are missing when it comes to acquiring the word out. Because of this, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases are non caught in their early phases but instead in their late phases, and this histories for the really high decease rate of about 45 % at five old ages from diagnosing, and high intervention related morbidity in subsisters. Finding these malignant neoplastic diseases in an early phase greatly improves the opportunities of endurance. Ironically, caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases caused by HPV have a much higher rate of success than non-HPV malignant neoplastic diseases. Much of the medical community, like the populace, is non cognizant of the correlativity of unwritten sex, HPV16, and caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, life salvaging showings are under utilised and inoculation recommendations are ignored. Despite the addition in Numberss, there is small to no public consciousness of the association between HPV and unwritten malignant neoplastic disease. In a recent European broad survey, 75 % of the respondents were unfamiliar with the term caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease while 81 % of work forces in the US were unfamiliar with HPV ( Paul L Reiter, 2009 ) . There are enterprises in topographic point to assist increase cognition about caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases. The sawbones general ‘s one-year study in 2010 focused merely on unwritten wellness this past twelvemonth, a first for this type of study. Testing protocols for tumours are in topographic point. The word is get downing to distribute but its slow traveling. Celebrities who have suffered caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease, such as Roger Ebert, are talking out about their ordeal, which can help in public consciousness, since famous person patients garner more attending than regular patients do. Screening devices are easy being developed that will help in placing these types of malignant neoplastic diseases early on. However, the biggest obstruction in cut downing the Numberss is still instruction. Our medical community must be made cognizant of the HPV connexion. In fact, the ADA merely released guidelines sing testing for caput and cervix malignant neoplastic diseases but recommends tooth doctors to pay close attending to their patients with a history of smoke or imbibing, and no reference of HPV. Medical forces need to be trained on what to look for: a new ball or a sore pharynx that does non travel off, gruffness, a hurting or tintinnabulation in the ear, oral cavity hurting or white spots or sores in the oral cavity, fistula infections that do n't react to antibiotics, upper jaw hurting, nose bleeds, and trouble external respiration or swallowing. In my household, the malignant neoplastic disease had spread to the lymph nodes and the first mark was a ball located on the cervix, but this occurs after the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized into the lymph nodes, which is considered late phases of the disease. There besides lies a great trade of conflicting information on the web, including the CDC and WHO, that minimize the effects of HPV and developing oropharyngeal or other malignant neoplastic diseases. The disease is non acquiring the regard it deserves. We must besides educate through unfastened treatment with our kids, that unwritten sex is non safe sex if we hope to halt this epidemic. Sexual activity instruction has to include the dangers of multiple unwritten sex spouses and the high rates of transmittal of the virus. A 2007 study of undergraduate college pupils found that most immature grownups agree penile-vaginal intercourse is sex, but less than one in five think that oral-genital contact counts as â€Å" holding sex, † ( Stacy, April ) . Mouth rubbers or dikes are available and should be handed out like regular rubbers with instructions as to how to utilize them. Adults must besides be educated about the dangers of HPV and about showings for early sensing. The stigmata that this is merely a adult female ‘s disease or a disease found chiefly in the homosexual community must be erased. One of the ways to assist is to talk out to friends and household and portion the information. This deathly slayer must non be kept soundless any longer. One individual dies every hr from caput and cervix malignant neoplastic disease. Our voices can go our arm in distributing consciousness. We must educate our kids and other friends and household about the dangers of HPV. Vaccines could be really good but the IACP must be supplied with current information so that current recommendations for the HPV vaccinum can be reviewed. If the current vaccinum is given before exposure to the virus, a big figure of HPV-positive instances of oropharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease can be prevented. Last, early sensing testing systems must be developed that can observe this unobserved malignant neoplastic diseases before it is excessively late.

Prescription Drug Abuse

Introduction.When we think of drug nuts and maltreatment we usually think of people who take the common street drugs such as cocaine, cleft, heroine, or other illegal drugs. However most people do n't recognize or take earnestly the turning figure of maltreaters of prescription drugs presently in our state. There is a common misconception that merely because a physician prescribes a certain drug that that is someway safer and different than utilizing the alleged street drugs. After all, you are being given a prescription to take the drug by your doctor, and it is non illegal or a offense. However, we must recognize that dependence is n't limited to merely illicit drugs on the street, but frequently doctor prescribed medicines as good. Prescription drugs have improved and saved infinite Numberss of lives over the old ages as many new discoveries have been achieved in scientific discipline and medical specialty in handling a assortment of known diseases. â€Å"However, utilizing these drugs without the supervising of a doctor or for intents different from their intended usage can take to serious inauspicious effects, including decease from overdose and physical dependence. Because many prescription drugs are frequently opiate based, when abused, these drugs can be as habit-forming and unsafe as illegal drugs.† 1 ) ( Pat Moore Foundation | Prescription Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ( M.D, Volkow, 2005 ) , manager at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2 ) â€Å"an estimated 48 million people ( ages 12 and older ) , have used prescription drugs for non-medical grounds, which represents about 20 per centum of the U.S. population.† Additionally, 3 ) â€Å"in 2000, approximately 43 per centum of infirmary exigency admittances for drug overdoses ( about 500,000 people ) happened because of misused prescription drugs, and in â€Å"2006 entirely, 700,000 exigency room visits were attributed to prescription drug overdoses.† 4 ) ( Thibodeau, 2009 ) . This type of drug maltreatment is increasing at an dismaying rate because of their widespread handiness, including online pharmaceuticss which have made it much easier for anyone regardless of age to get drugs without a prescription. ( Prescription Drug Abuse Information | Drug Rehab Programs, 2009 ) . 3 ) â€Å"One of the most common and primary methods of obtaining prescription drugs by nuts is by physician shopping harmonizing to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) .†5 ) This method refers to a individual who continually searches out different physicians to order the same medicines in order to feed their dependences. I think most of us either know or have known persons or even household members who have resorted to this type of behaviour in order to acquire prescription drugs for this intent. The most common types of drugs that are frequently abused are cardinal nervous system sedatives such as benzodiazepines or tranquillizers, often prescribed for anxiousness and kiping upsets, opioids and narcotics for hurting alleviation, and stimulations such as those given for attending shortage hyperactivity upset, ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy, and fleshiness. 6 ) ( Prescription Drug Abuse Chart – Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics – NIDA, 2009 ) â€Å"For illustration, U.S. prescriptions for stimulations ( including those taken for ADHD ) increased from around 5 million in 1991 to about 35 million in 2007. Prescriptions for opioid analgesics such as oxycodone ( OxyContin ) and hydrocodone ( Vicodin ) increased from 40 million in 1991 to 180 million in 2007.† 7 ) ( Mayo Clinic, 2008 ) . I feel the grounds for this important addition in prescription drug maltreatment is simple. We live in a society today that tells you a pill can bring around and work out all of your jobs no affair what they are. All we have to make is turn on the telecasting and see the changeless barrage of advertizements for the latest prescription drugs on the market. As a consequence, the pharmaceutical industry is doing one million millions of dollars off of people and is surely non traveling to kick, therefore encouraging and driving the epidemic even more. Furthermore, these drugs are comparatively easy to obtain and are socially acceptable by the huge bulk of the public compared to illegal drugs. In merely the past several old ages, we have seen the outgrowth and proliferation of many â€Å"pain clinics† throughout the United States. Although non all are bad, some of these installations as stated by 8 ) ( Silverman & A ; Brown, MD, 2009 ) , â€Å"are frequently non-physician owned and run merely inside the jurisprudence. The doctors who pattern in these installations are seldom accredited through board enfranchisement processes, and many take no insurance and publicize confidential, hard currency merely services. Some even advertise armed guards in the waiting suites. With no inadvertence, these installations serve as a beginning for a uninterrupted supply of controlled substances to frequently times addicted and sometimes naAA?ve people. It is non uncommon to happen patients of these installations having 10s of 1000s of mgs of opioid medicines each month.† With these types of plans and clinics runing and promoting such drug maltreatment, I feel that the people who truly necessitate these medicines are frequently the 1s who suffer, such as persons with painful terminal diseases and unwellnesss like malignant neoplastic disease. I experienced this first-hand with my mother several old ages ago when she was diagnosed with terminal lung malignant neoplastic disease that had metastasized to her castanetss, and impotently watched her suffer from hurting. While she was undergoing radiation interventions at a malignant neoplastic disease clinic, her physician at that place stated that she should utilize Advil to assist with her hurting and that the authorities was checking down on agenda drugs that were prescribed. My response to this is, if malignant neoplastic disease patients ca n't acquire the necessary hurting medicines they urgently need, yet nuts can acquire all they want, so there is something really incorrect with this state we live i n and our wellness attention system.Decision.What is of import to acknowledge and go cognizant of about prescription drug maltreatment is that it is much the same as other signifiers of illegal drug maltreatment such as cocaine or diacetylmorphine, and no 1 is immune. It can be merely as unsafe and lifelessly as other illicit drugs, and affects persons of all ages, races, gender, and socio-economic backgrounds. It can besides destruct households, occupations, and places every bit good as holding fatal wellness effects. In fact, usage of prescription drugs now causes more deceases than diacetylmorphine and cocaine combined, harmonizing to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.† 9 ) ( Treatment Solutions Network, 2009 ) . Furthermore, with the recent tragic and ill-timed deceases of famous persons such as Michael Jackson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Heath Ledger related to prescription drug maltreatment, I feel this job is eventually being brought to the head and exposed, conveying a much needed consciousness to the dangers and effects of mistreating prescription drugs.Mentions:1 ) Pat Moore Foundation | Prescription Drug Abuse. ( n.d. ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patmoorefoundation.com/prescription-drug-abuse 2 M.D, Volkow, N. ( 2005 ) . NIDA – Research Report Series – Prescription Drugs: Maltreatment and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription.html 3 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Information | Drug Rehab Programs. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prescription-drug-abuse.org/ 4 ) Thibodeau, D. ( 2009, October 20 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment now tops illegal drug usage | GoDanRiver. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.godanriver.com/gdr/news/local/danville_news/article/prescription_drug_abuse_now_tops_illegal_drug_use/14771/ 5 ) Drug Addiction – Doctor Shopping – Chronic Pain Medication Addiction. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drug-addiction.com/doctor_shopping.htm 6 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Chart – Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics – NIDA. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/PrescripDrugsChart.html 7 ) Mayo Clinic. ( 2008 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment – MSN Health & A ; Fitness – Addiction|Quit Smoking. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //health.msn.com/health-topics/addiction/articlepage.aspx? cp-documentid=100211994 8 ) Silverman, MD, S. M. , & A ; Brown, MD, L. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse: In the US and Florida. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hgexperts.com/article.asp? id=6649 9 ) Treatment Solutions Network. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.treatmentsolutionsnetwork.com/prescription-drug-abuse.html Prescription Drug Abuse The audience I will be addressing is parents, caregivers and school educators about the dangers of prescription drugs and how we can better educate teenagers and young adults on the dangers of abusing them. There are many ways that we can teach and educate our teenagers and young adults, but it’s important that families, schools and communities are involved. The rate of prescription drug overdose among teenagers and young adults have sky rocketed over the past several years. This has become a growing epidemic and if we don’t step in and do something, this problem will only get worse. No parent or caregiver ever wants to lose a child and it can be especial harder knowing that you could have helped prevent it. Some people say it’s the schools job to education this subject and others say that education starts at home. Where can our parents/caregivers get the information they need to help better understand the problem itself and to help safe guard their children? Who would be the best influence to talk to our teens and young adults? In my essay I will explain why it’s so important that schools and parents/caregivers need to both educate and talk to our young adults and teens. 205) Kara Gordon Prescription Drug Abuse among Teens and Young Adults Prescription drug misuse and overdose among teens and young adults is one of the fastest growing health epidemics in the United States. While there has been a marked decrease in the use of some illegal drugs like cocaine, data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) show that nearly one-third of p eople aged 12 and over whom used drugs for the first time began by using a prescription drug non-medically. The amount of controlled substances dispensed and used non medically is scary considering that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that opioid drugs, including oxycodone and hydrocodone, caused more than 15,500 overdose deaths in 2010 and that number is increasing. Parents/caregivers and educators need to action and educate our children before it’s too late. Informing teens and young adults about the dangers of taking prescription drugs that don’t belong to them could save their lives. Teens and young adults have chosen prescription drugs as their drug of choice because it is less expensive as illegal drugs like cocaine or marijuana, and more easily accessible. All they need to do is walk into their own bathroom and look into the medicine cabinet. It’s sitting in plain sight for the taking. They don’t realize the danger of taking prescription drugs that were not prescribed to them. They think because it was prescribed by a doctor that it must be safe. Teens and young adults also feel that, †Parents don’t care as much if they get caught using prescription drugs, without a doctor’s prescription, than they do if they get caught using illegal drugs† (PR Newswire 4/23/13) like cocaine or marijuana. The most commonly known and used prescription pills that teens and young adults abuse are Vicodin, Oxycontin, Adderall, and Ritalin. There are also designer drugs such as â€Å"K2†, â€Å"Spice† and â€Å"bath salts. † These designer drugs can be extremely dangerous because they haven’t been tested or approved and you are basically experimenting on your own body. When teens and young adults use these types of prescription drugs, most people think that they are looking to get high. This is not always the case. â€Å"Teens abuse prescription drugs for a number of reasons, including to get high, to treat pain, or because they think it will help them with school work. Boys and girls tend to abuse some types of prescription drugs for many different reasons. † (Bethesda) Like, boys are more likely to abuse prescription stimulants to get high, while girls tend to abuse them to stay alert or to lose weight. Teens and young adults realize when they have taken to many pills until it’s too late. â€Å"Some of the signs or symptoms they may poses are an altered mental state, confusion, slurred speech excited delirium or agitation, sweating and out of control. †(Knudson) They may be unable to breathe on their own. If you notice any of these symptoms you should take them to the emergency room immediately. It is better to have them looked at by a physician than not at all. As parents and caregivers it’s your job to make sure that your prescription drugs are stored in their proper place at your home. Just like guns, they need to be locked up and out of reach of your loved ones. Therefore does not provide them the opportunity or means to get them. We also need to â€Å"take the opportunity to clean out our medicine cabinets and safely dispose of unwanted drugs. † (PR Newswire 2013) There are several ways that you can properly dispose of your prescriptions drugs and one way is to use medication disposal envelopes. This is a postage-paid envelope that allows people to mail their unwanted or unused prescriptions to a licensed, secure facility for safe destruction. Another way is through a National Drug Take Back Day. Communities will hold these take back days to provide a safe, convenient and secure means of drug disposal. This is usually run by law enforcement or municipal agencies. Education is also a key ingredient to help protecting our children from prescription drug abuse. Almost a decade ago schools were more focused on keeping students from misusing alcohol and illegal street drugs like ecstasy, heroin and cocaine that there was never a concern to even speak about prescription drugs. After a study held by the Centers of Disease Control in 2009, it showed that teens as early as eleven years old were taking prescription medicine at was not prescribed to them. â€Å"Prevention of adolescent drug use has never been more important and response to this alarming trend, â€Å"Wake UP† was formed as a community education campaign to raise awareness of the dangers of abusing prescription drugs and to prevent first time use by teens and young adults. (PR Newswire 2012) This program was created by The Pain Truth, a charitable organization that started two years ago as an effort to education our children to make better decisions when opportunities of prescription drug abuse are given. This campaign is provided to all schools and communities at no cost. â€Å"Misuse and abuse of prescription drugs knows no boundaries and requires a comprehensive response that engages all elements and influencers of a teenager’s life. † This was stated by Paul Barsky, the head of Upper School at Francis Parker School. What better way to sum up this essay. There are thousands of teens and young adults out there abusing prescription drugs right now. It is our job as parents, caregivers, and educators to do everything in our power to teach our teens and young adults everything we can about the dangers of prescription drug abuse. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies in 2012 reported that among Indiana residents ages 12 to 17, 8. 2% used prescription pain medications for nonmedical purposes in the past year; Indiana’s percentage was statistically similar to the nation’s 6. %. The Indiana College Substance Use Survey that was conducted in 2011 showed 11. 3% of Indiana College students used prescription medications not prescribed to them in the past year, with 6. 2% currently using and 3. 8% of Indiana college students misused their prescription medication in the past year, with 1. 4% of students reporting current misuse. That is why it is so important that we reach out to our children and communicate and education them as best we can. You never know that the next child’s life that is saved could be our own. (1069) Prescription Drug Abuse Introduction.When we think of drug nuts and maltreatment we usually think of people who take the common street drugs such as cocaine, cleft, heroine, or other illegal drugs. However most people do n't recognize or take earnestly the turning figure of maltreaters of prescription drugs presently in our state. There is a common misconception that merely because a physician prescribes a certain drug that that is someway safer and different than utilizing the alleged street drugs. After all, you are being given a prescription to take the drug by your doctor, and it is non illegal or a offense. However, we must recognize that dependence is n't limited to merely illicit drugs on the street, but frequently doctor prescribed medicines as good. Prescription drugs have improved and saved infinite Numberss of lives over the old ages as many new discoveries have been achieved in scientific discipline and medical specialty in handling a assortment of known diseases. â€Å"However, utilizing these drugs without the supervising of a doctor or for intents different from their intended usage can take to serious inauspicious effects, including decease from overdose and physical dependence. Because many prescription drugs are frequently opiate based, when abused, these drugs can be as habit-forming and unsafe as illegal drugs.† 1 ) ( Pat Moore Foundation | Prescription Drug Abuse, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ( M.D, Volkow, 2005 ) , manager at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2 ) â€Å"an estimated 48 million people ( ages 12 and older ) , have used prescription drugs for non-medical grounds, which represents about 20 per centum of the U.S. population.† Additionally, 3 ) â€Å"in 2000, approximately 43 per centum of infirmary exigency admittances for drug overdoses ( about 500,000 people ) happened because of misused prescription drugs, and in â€Å"2006 entirely, 700,000 exigency room visits were attributed to prescription drug overdoses.† 4 ) ( Thibodeau, 2009 ) . This type of drug maltreatment is increasing at an dismaying rate because of their widespread handiness, including online pharmaceuticss which have made it much easier for anyone regardless of age to get drugs without a prescription. ( Prescription Drug Abuse Information | Drug Rehab Programs, 2009 ) . 3 ) â€Å"One of the most common and primary methods of obtaining prescription drugs by nuts is by physician shopping harmonizing to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) .†5 ) This method refers to a individual who continually searches out different physicians to order the same medicines in order to feed their dependences. I think most of us either know or have known persons or even household members who have resorted to this type of behaviour in order to acquire prescription drugs for this intent. The most common types of drugs that are frequently abused are cardinal nervous system sedatives such as benzodiazepines or tranquillizers, often prescribed for anxiousness and kiping upsets, opioids and narcotics for hurting alleviation, and stimulations such as those given for attending shortage hyperactivity upset, ( ADHD ) , narcolepsy, and fleshiness. 6 ) ( Prescription Drug Abuse Chart – Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics – NIDA, 2009 ) â€Å"For illustration, U.S. prescriptions for stimulations ( including those taken for ADHD ) increased from around 5 million in 1991 to about 35 million in 2007. Prescriptions for opioid analgesics such as oxycodone ( OxyContin ) and hydrocodone ( Vicodin ) increased from 40 million in 1991 to 180 million in 2007.† 7 ) ( Mayo Clinic, 2008 ) . I feel the grounds for this important addition in prescription drug maltreatment is simple. We live in a society today that tells you a pill can bring around and work out all of your jobs no affair what they are. All we have to make is turn on the telecasting and see the changeless barrage of advertizements for the latest prescription drugs on the market. As a consequence, the pharmaceutical industry is doing one million millions of dollars off of people and is surely non traveling to kick, therefore encouraging and driving the epidemic even more. Furthermore, these drugs are comparatively easy to obtain and are socially acceptable by the huge bulk of the public compared to illegal drugs. In merely the past several old ages, we have seen the outgrowth and proliferation of many â€Å"pain clinics† throughout the United States. Although non all are bad, some of these installations as stated by 8 ) ( Silverman & A ; Brown, MD, 2009 ) , â€Å"are frequently non-physician owned and run merely inside the jurisprudence. The doctors who pattern in these installations are seldom accredited through board enfranchisement processes, and many take no insurance and publicize confidential, hard currency merely services. Some even advertise armed guards in the waiting suites. With no inadvertence, these installations serve as a beginning for a uninterrupted supply of controlled substances to frequently times addicted and sometimes naAA?ve people. It is non uncommon to happen patients of these installations having 10s of 1000s of mgs of opioid medicines each month.† With these types of plans and clinics runing and promoting such drug maltreatment, I feel that the people who truly necessitate these medicines are frequently the 1s who suffer, such as persons with painful terminal diseases and unwellnesss like malignant neoplastic disease. I experienced this first-hand with my mother several old ages ago when she was diagnosed with terminal lung malignant neoplastic disease that had metastasized to her castanetss, and impotently watched her suffer from hurting. While she was undergoing radiation interventions at a malignant neoplastic disease clinic, her physician at that place stated that she should utilize Advil to assist with her hurting and that the authorities was checking down on agenda drugs that were prescribed. My response to this is, if malignant neoplastic disease patients ca n't acquire the necessary hurting medicines they urgently need, yet nuts can acquire all they want, so there is something really incorrect with this state we live i n and our wellness attention system.Decision.What is of import to acknowledge and go cognizant of about prescription drug maltreatment is that it is much the same as other signifiers of illegal drug maltreatment such as cocaine or diacetylmorphine, and no 1 is immune. It can be merely as unsafe and lifelessly as other illicit drugs, and affects persons of all ages, races, gender, and socio-economic backgrounds. It can besides destruct households, occupations, and places every bit good as holding fatal wellness effects. In fact, usage of prescription drugs now causes more deceases than diacetylmorphine and cocaine combined, harmonizing to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration.† 9 ) ( Treatment Solutions Network, 2009 ) . Furthermore, with the recent tragic and ill-timed deceases of famous persons such as Michael Jackson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Heath Ledger related to prescription drug maltreatment, I feel this job is eventually being brought to the head and exposed, conveying a much needed consciousness to the dangers and effects of mistreating prescription drugs.Mentions:1 ) Pat Moore Foundation | Prescription Drug Abuse. ( n.d. ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patmoorefoundation.com/prescription-drug-abuse 2 M.D, Volkow, N. ( 2005 ) . NIDA – Research Report Series – Prescription Drugs: Maltreatment and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Prescription/Prescription.html 3 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Information | Drug Rehab Programs. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.prescription-drug-abuse.org/ 4 ) Thibodeau, D. ( 2009, October 20 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment now tops illegal drug usage | GoDanRiver. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.godanriver.com/gdr/news/local/danville_news/article/prescription_drug_abuse_now_tops_illegal_drug_use/14771/ 5 ) Drug Addiction – Doctor Shopping – Chronic Pain Medication Addiction. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drug-addiction.com/doctor_shopping.htm 6 ) Prescription Drug Abuse Chart – Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics – NIDA. ( 2009 ) . . Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nida.nih.gov/DrugPages/PrescripDrugsChart.html 7 ) Mayo Clinic. ( 2008 ) . Prescription drug maltreatment – MSN Health & A ; Fitness – Addiction|Quit Smoking. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //health.msn.com/health-topics/addiction/articlepage.aspx? cp-documentid=100211994 8 ) Silverman, MD, S. M. , & A ; Brown, MD, L. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse: In the US and Florida. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hgexperts.com/article.asp? id=6649 9 ) Treatment Solutions Network. ( 2009 ) . Prescription Drug Abuse and Addiction. Retrieved December 6, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.treatmentsolutionsnetwork.com/prescription-drug-abuse.html